- 期刊
論美國刑事司法體系之預防性羈押制度
Preventive Detention under the Federal Bail Reform Act 1984 in the U.S. Criminal Justice System
摘要
當今美國刑事司法體系中，對於刑事被告審判前的保釋或羈押裁定之規範與其程序的進行是依據1984年聯邦保釋改革法所架構的體系運作。其中預防性羈押，此種為保護社區之安全針對個別刑事被告之未來危險性來做成羈押之裁定，用以監禁拘禁特定的刑事被告的機制，產生許多批評與質疑。但美國聯邦最高法院認為預防性羈押不是對被裁定羈押的被告所實施的一種不被容許的懲罰，而係為一種被容許的行政規則，同時該法案亦提供一定的程序保障，亦即是支持一九八四聯邦保釋改革法符合憲法規範。本文針對此制度相關之合憲性議題與其相關刑事政策議題逐一檢證與討論，並指出美國刑事司法實務運作上所面臨之問題。
並列摘要
In the current United States criminal justice system, determining criminal defendant pending trial to be bailed out or detained is under the mechanism from the Federal Bail Reform Act of 1984. It is obvious that preventive pretrial detention decisions occur at a critical balancing point between government power and individual rights. The Bail Reform Act 1984 allows federal courts to detain an arrestee pending trial if the government demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence after an adversarial hearing that no release conditions will reasonably assure the safety of the community. The Supreme Court held that pretrial detention based solely on the ground of dangerousness does not violate either due process or the Eighth Amendment because it is merely a regulatory measure whose goal of preventing danger to the community can outweigh an individual's liberty interest. Critics of preventive pretrial detention claim that anticipatory confinement runs contrary to the presumption of innocence and the principle of limited government authority over individuals. The purpose of this article is to discuss the constitutional considerations for this preventive pretrial detention and major policy debate arguments and several practical problems for enforcing such preventive pretrial detention scheme based on the judicial prediction of dangerousness.