分立政府與政府體制：半總統制的再思考

Divided Government and Political Systems Rethinking Semi-Presidential Systems

施奕任(Yi-Jen Shih)

《興國學報》 10期 (2009/01) Pp. 163-173

https://doi.org/10.29950/JHKUM.200901.0012

摘要

在當代政治學的研究中，分立政府是個關鍵議題，學者對於分立政府研究起於美國二次大戰以來，各級政府頻繁出現分立政府的實際現象，其涉及了民主政治不同層次的次領域，包括憲政規範、政府體制、選舉制度、投票行為，甚至影響了公共政策的樣貌。本文透過與美國政治學者Giovanni Sartori的對話，從政府體制層次探討分立政府議題。本文認為總統制的權力分立會隨著分立政府容易造成行政權與立法權的對峙，但是若改為議會內閣制又因為缺乏相關政黨體系與制度規範，反而流於會議制而難以運行。相較之下，半總統制基於權力共用，藉由制度隨著國會多數組合變更而擺動，解決雙元權力結構面對分裂多數的問題。

關鍵字

分立政府 ； 政府體制 ； 總統制 ； 內閣制 ； 半總統制

並列摘要

In modern political sciences research, the issues of divided government are the critical one. It is because that this issue involves democratic stability and political legitimacy. Most researches focuses on different perspectives to analysis this issue, including voting behavior, electoral systems, party systems, democracy theory and so on. Based on the Giovanni Sartori's study of form of government, this paper would like to discuss the relationships between divided government issue and political systems change. This paper argues that the phenomena of divided government in U.S. come from constitutional design and voter's emotional spilt-ticket voting behaviors. Furthermore, the divided government would easily cause deadlock and stalemate between government and parliaments. this paper thinks that semi-presidential systems could reduce deadlock and stalemate through head-shifting mechanism, which could solve the problems from dual democratic legitimacy.

並列關鍵字

divided government ； forms of government ； presidential system ； parliamentary system ； semi-presidential system

參考文獻

Alesina, Alberto,Rosenthal, Howard(1995).Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy.New York:Cambridge University Press.

Ansolabehere, Steven,Brady, David,Fiorina, Morris P.(1992).The Marginals Never Vanished?.British Journal of Political Science.22(1),21-38.

Bawn, Kathleen(1999).Voter Responses to Electoral Complexity: Ticket Splitting, Rational Voters and Representation in Federal Republic of Germany.British Journal of Political Science.29(3),487-505.

Bogdanor, Vernon(Ed.),Butler, David(Ed.)(1983).Democracy and Elections.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Born, Richard(1994).Split-Ticket Voters, Divided Government, and Fiorina's Policy Balancing Model.Legislative Studies Quarterly.19(1),95-116.