潮來橋遺址所見細繩紋陶文化陶器技術傳統

新石器中期的細繩紋陶文化遺留在全島皆有發現，歷來考古學家認為其接續了新石器早期的大坌坑文化，並在台灣各個區域進行擴散與演化。以文化史年代的角度，各區域地區陶器製作傳統的技術研究並不常見。本文重建了台灣東南地區潮來橋遺址陶器製作之操作程序，指出了不同製作階段對於技術與設計上的選擇，此為陶匠社群內部所特有的生產製作傳統。潮來橋遺址的遺物在年代與內容上與西南地區（包含澎湖）極為接近。2010-2013年間，在都蘭灣區域進行的調查工作取得了新的年代資料。本區域確認的遺址包括富山、杉原、潮來橋等遺址，年代皆在距今4000年以上。同時在潮來橋遺址取得完整陶器叢集出土資料，即使數量並不多，卻呈現了該時期完整的家戶陶器遺留。我們使用“操作鏈分析方法”的研究取向，對潮來橋遺址所出土之陶器叢集（1900-2500B.C.）進行探討。運用微痕觀察以及陶片斷面分析可以協助陶器製作技術的重建，分析結果顯示，拍墊技術為整個社群所使用之優勢主流技術。以潮來橋遺址陶器成品的同質性程度，顯示了該社群工匠的技術穩定度。整體陶群依據技術－岩象－器型分群，可分為拍墊（99.6%）與非拍墊（0.3%）兩技術群。前者包括了「帶繩紋」與「不帶繩紋」的陶群，說明這兩種範疇的陶群其實屬於同一技術傳統，為相同的陶匠所製作。對於遺址整體的陶器組合，我們進行了陶容器的功能討論，初步分析遺址內有27%為具有儲藏功能的帶折肩容器、24%為日常烹飪功能的U型缽容器、5%的特殊烹飪圜底罐容器、5%特殊服務承裝性質的水平唇盆型容器，以及5%的一般服務性質承裝容器。施薄紅彩於細繩紋陶容器上，在潮來橋遺址是一個明顯的的文化傳統，出土的陶質遺留幾乎皆共享此操作慣性。施於泥質平沿盆唇部及小型容器的格子狀等所謂“彩繪裝飾”是2100B.C.前後開始出現在文化層位中的現象。而此一年代或可以作為都蘭灣北側地區漁橋遺址彩繪陶器的年代參考。在非拍墊製作的第四子群中（G4），僅有一件陶缽，製陶者對凹唇缽施以削切成型與磨光修整這一項非主流的製作技術，提供潮來橋遺址與其他遺址互動的線索，指引出了下一步研究的方向。若要進行比較研究，未來我們需對台灣西南、東海岸以及南端鵝鑾鼻半島地區陶器叢集也進行技術傳統研究。目前在未有充分資料的前提之下，東部都蘭灣地區與台灣西南地區之間是產生技術的流通或是社群的移動，尚無法有更詳細的討論。進行技術傳統取向的研究，是期望對單一遺址的陶質遺留分析取得更多面向的觀察與討論，目的在獲取物質遺留背後隱含文化群體素質的風格技術傳統。後續進行更多比較性的工作也許才能取得此類分析方法的最大效益。

關鍵字

台灣新石器中期；細繩紋陶文化；拍墊法；陶器技術傳統；操作鍊分析

並列摘要

The remains of the Fine Corded Ware Culture of the Middle Neolithic period are found across the entire island of Taiwan. Archaeologists believe that this culture is a continuation out of the Early Neolithic Tapenkeng Culture, and that it proliferated and evolved in various regions of Taiwan. Technological analyses of the regional pottery traditions that take a cultural-historical chronological perspective are rare. This paper reconstructs the operational sequence of pottery fabrication at the Chaolaiquiao site in southeastern Taiwan. We point out the technological and design choices at various stages in the production of pottery. These choices characterize the traditions of manufacture within different potter communities. The artifacts of the Chaolaiqiao site are very close chronologically and in content to southwest Taiwan (including Penghu). During 2010-2013, our investigation in the Dulan Bay region acquired new chronological data. The sites confirmed in this region include Fushan, Shanyuan, and Chaolaiqiao. These sites are all older than 4000 BP. Excavations from this time period at the Chaolaiqiao site also provide data for complete pottery vessels found in several clusters. Although there is not a large number of these clusters of whole vessels, they still demonstrate complete household assemblages from this period. We apply a ＂chaîne opératoire＂ approach to the study of these pottery assemblages from Chaolaiqiao (1900-2500 BC). Micro-trace observation and sherd section analysis can assist in the reconstruction of pottery production techniques. The results of these analyses show that the paddle and anvil technique was the dominant, mainstream technology used by the entire community. The degree of homogeneity of the finished pottery at the Chaolaiqiao site also shows the degree of technological stability of the artisans in this community. The assemblages of whole pottery were classified according to ＂petrographic-technological-typological＂ groups. We obtain two technical groups: the ＂paddle-anvil＂ (99.6%) and the ＂non paddle-anvil＂ (0.3%). The former group includes ＂cord-marked＂ and ＂non cord-marked＂ pottery, and this also indicates that these two categories belong to the same technological tradition; they are made by the same potters. We carry out a discussion of the function of pottery vessels aimed at the entire pottery assemblage of the site. The preliminary analysis shows that 27% of the assemblage is carinated shoulder vessels with a storage function, 24% is U-shaped bowl-like vessels with a daily cooking function, 5% is round-bottomed jars with a function of special cooking, 5% is horizontal-lipped basins with a special function for holding and serving, and 5% is container vessels of general serving function. A distinctive cultural tradition at the Chaolaiqiao site is the application of a thin layer of red paint on cord-marked ware, and almost all of the unearthed ceramics share this operational inertia. The so-called ＂lattice-like painted decoration＂, which is applied to fine clay, horizontal-lipped basins and small containers, is a phenomenon that began to appear in the cultural layers around 2100 BC. This date may also possibly be used to date the painted pottery found at the Yuqiqiao site on the northern side of Dulan Bay. In the fourth subgroup (G4) of the non paddle-anvil technique, there is only one vessel, which is bowl-shaped. The potters made this concave-lipped bowl by a non-mainstream fabrication technique using shaving to shape the vessel and polishing. This provides clues for interactions between the Chaolaiqiao site and other sites, and also indicated the direction for the next steps in this research. In order to carry out comparative research, in the future we will need to conduct studies on the technological traditions of ceramic clusters in the southwest of Taiwan, the east coast, and the Cape Eluanbi peninsula region at the southern end of the island. At present, under this premise that still lacks adequate data, there might be flow of production technology or movements of communities between the eastern Dulan Bay region and the southwest region of Taiwan, but there is no way at present to have a more detailed discussion. In order to carry out research on trends in technological traditions, one would hope that the analyses of ceramic remains from individual sites will have more observations and discussions in this direction. The aim would be to acquire the stylistic and technical traditions of the nature of the implied cultural groups behind the material remains. With more follow-up comparative work in the future, we could perhaps be able to obtain the maximum benefit of this type of analytical methodology.

並列關鍵字

Taiwan Middle Neolithic ； Fine Corded Ware Culture ； paddle and anvil technique ； pottery technological tradition ； chaîne opératoire analysis

國際替代計量

潮來橋遺址所見細繩紋陶文化陶器技術傳統

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