臺灣新石器時代早期的稻粟共作－以植物園遺址下層為例

本研究源起於2015～2018年，因「臺北都會區大眾捷運系統萬大－中和－樹林線」LG02車站工程與植物園遺址範圍重疊，所展開之為期三年的搶救發掘工作。為了系統性地理解植物園遺址的古環境、地層堆積與各時期的文化內涵，此次發掘過程中，亦進行灰坑土壤浮選、地質鑽井等作業。本文著重於分析來自植物園遺址下層灰坑之農作物與植物浮選樣品，並結合伴出之陶器與石器，以及地質鑽井結果，針對距今四、五千年前史前農村生活樣相，提出新的思考。為了呈現「繩紋陶文化」在臺灣新石器時代早、中期的傳承關係與共性，筆者提出以「大坌坑時期」指代「新石器時代早期」；「續大坌坑時期」指稱「新石器時代中期」。基於對植物園遺址下層的新理解，筆者提出將既有的「訊塘埔文化」進行細分，將有大坌坑式陶類伴出的層位稱為「訊塘埔早期文化」；大坌坑式陶類消失的層位稱為「訊塘埔晚期文化」。前者屬於新石器時代早期；後者則屬新石器時代中期（續大坌坑時期，4200～3200BP）。植物園遺址下層，即屬於新石器時代早期（大坌坑時期）的訊塘埔早期文化。本研究自植物園下層灰坑浮選出101份樣品，經鑑定分析後，發現共計67,165個植物遺存，並分為穀物類、果實類、禾本科雜草與其他雜草四類。穀物類是訊塘埔早期文化植物遺存出土最豐富的一類，占所有植物遺存的90.39％，包含稻（Oryza sativa）與粟（Setaria italica）兩類。此次土壤浮選的樣本分別來自植物園遺址範圍中的南海路與國語實小，南海路出土之植物遺存明顯較國語實小豐富。在南海路出土的植物遺存組合中，以稻屬穗軸占絕對優勢，稻米與粟的穀粒數量則相對較少。稻米組合中，以不成熟稻米占優勢。粟類遺存中，亦發現較多不成熟粟與極不成熟粟，種種跡象皆指出此處的植物遺存多屬於作物加工廢棄物，推測此區域的功能可能與脫穀行為有關。由稻、粟種子的組合比較結果可知，植物園遺址訊塘埔早期文化時期的農業應是採取稻粟混作的模式。國語實小的植物遺存組合，則以雜草占絕對優勢，穀物相關遺存極少。推測此處與農業活動較無關聯。從微地形觀察，此區域距離古河道地形不遠，且根據地質鑽井資料顯示，此處持續有河川所造成的洪患堆積，推測由於自然條件限制，此區域成為少有人為活動的地帶，當屬聚落的外圍。在植物園遺址下層中出土的石鋤、石刀、石錘與砥石，則呼應了當時的人群已經掌握種植、收割、脫殼、碾米等農業技術。藉由觀察南海路出土之石錘與砥石的損耗痕，推測植物園下層的人群，利用這兩項石器工具進行脫穀、磨粉等行為。此現象亦與前述南海路區域植物遺存中，以「稻屬穗軸基部」、「稻米胚部、稻榖殘片」比例占優的現象相互映證。筆者推論當時的人群應是在聚落南側進行舂打穀物脫殼、揚穗等作業後，再將廢棄物殘片棄置於原地。與炊煮穀物行為有關的生活工具，則以圜底圓腹的陶罐為主，此類陶器常可見因受熱而產生的胎體變化、局部灰黑與有炭附著於陶罐表面等現象。此外，亦出土支撐圓圜底圓腹罐的陶支腳，鳥頭造型不僅是單純的裝飾目的，亦可達到幫助陶容器烹飪時更加平穩的效果。分析植物遺存中的果實類遺留與雜草類遺留，可知四、五千年前的植物園聚落周遭，存在如柿屬、獼猴桃屬、接骨木屬、構樹、懸鈎子屬、葡萄屬、甜瓜屬、冬瓜屬、葫蘆科、茄科等果實類植物。聚落周遭亦見諸多禾本科雜草，如黍亞科的狗尾草屬、稗屬、馬唐屬、牛筋草，和石竹科、莎草科、蓼科等。且做為史前村落內部南側的南海路出土的果實遺留較做為史前聚落外圍邊緣的國語實小多，顯示果實與人類活動關聯性大，可能做為史前人群採集的食物來源。整體而言果實類遺存占總體數量少，表明當時的植物資源利用模式仍以穀物種植為主，野生植物的採集對日常食物的貢獻較低。綜上所述，可知在距今四、五千年前臺灣北部的新石器時代，已出現稻粟共作的生業經濟模式、定居型聚落與細緻的聚落空間劃分，皆有別於過去張光直先生和學界所想像的「簡易農耕」、「初始社會」，也說明臺灣最早的新石器時代，並非在臺灣逐步由原始社會發展而成，而是在一開始便擁有相當程度的村落生業經濟與器物製作工藝。若針對植物園遺址下層保存完整的稻米進行粒形測量，可知植物園遺址的稻米長寬比均小於2.2，符合梗稻的粒形特徵。與大龍峒、臺中市安和遺址、長江中游的稻米粒形特徵基本相符。此外，長江中游地區自距今6000年前，已形成稻旱混作農業型態。推測植物園遺址與鄰近之大龍峒遺址的稻米品種，相較於長江下游的環太湖區域，應與長江中游地區普遍存在的短粒形稻米關係更為密切。因此，臺灣早期農業的出現，可能與長江中游經江西到達福建此一傳播路徑有關。再由來自福建的古百越人群，攜帶耕作技術、稻種、粟種，經由長時間的跨區域傳播進入臺灣，與臺灣在地人群進行交流，從而發展出如植物園遺址下層、大龍洞遺址等長期定居型聚落。

關鍵字

稻粟共作；穀類加工；大坌坑時期；訊塘埔早期文化

並列摘要

This study was initiated from 2015 to 2018 as a result of the overlap between the LG02 station project of the Wanda-Jhonghe-Shulin Line of the Taipei Metropolitan Area Mass Rapid Transit System and the Botanical Garden site. In order to systematically understand the ancient environment, stratigraphy, and cultural connotations of the Botanical Garden site, soil flotation of the ash pits and geological drilling were also conducted during the excavation. This paper focuses on the analysis of the crop and plant flotation samples from the lower ash pits of the Botanical Garden site, and the combination of the accompanying pottery and stone tools, as well as the results of geological drilling, to propose new thinking about the prehistoric rural life patterns of 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. In order to present the inheritance relationship and commonality between the early and middle Neolithic periods in Taiwan, the author proposes to refer to the "Tapenkeng Period" as the "Early Neolithic Period" and the "Successive Period of Tapenkeng" as the "Middle Neolithic Period". Based on the new understanding of the lower stratum of the Botanical Garden site, the author proposes to subdivide the existing "Xuntangpu Culture", and call the stratum where the Tapenkeng pottery is accompanied by the "Xuntangpu Early Culture" and the stratum where the Tapenkeng pottery disappears as the "Xuntangpu Late Culture". The former belongs to the Early Neolithic period; the latter belongs to the Middle Neolithic period (the Successive Period of Tapenkeng, 4200~3200 BP). The lower stratum of the Botanical Garden site is the Xuntangpu Early Neolithic (Tapenkeng Period) culture. In this study, 101 samples were recovered from the lower ash pits of the Botanical Garden, and after analysis, a total of 67,165 plant remains were identified and classified into four categories: cereals, fruits, grasses, and other weeds. Cereals were the most abundant plant remains from the early Xuntangpu culture, accounting for 90.39% of all plant remains, including rice (Oryza sativa) and corn (Setaria italica). The soil flotation samples were taken from Nanhai Road and Taipei Mandarin Experimental Elementary School in the botanical garden site, and the plant remains from Nanhai Road were significantly richer than those from Taipei Mandarin area. Among the plant remains from Nanhai Road, rice spikes were overwhelmingly dominant, while the number of grains of rice and corn was relatively small. Among the rice assemblages, immature rice is the most predominant. Among the maize remains, more immature and very immature maize were found. All these indicate that the plant remains in this area are mostly crop processing wastes, and it is assumed that the function of this area may be related to threshing behavior. From the comparison of the combination of rice and corn seeds, it can be seen that Xuntangpu Early Culturen at the Botanical Garden site was a mixed crop of rice and millet. The combination of plant remains in the Mandarin field is overwhelmingly dominated by weeds, with very few grain-related remains. It is assumed that this area is not associated with agricultural activities. From the microtopography, this area is not far from the ancient river terrain, and according to the geological drilling data, this area has been continuously flooded by the river, so it is presumed that due to the natural conditions, this area has become a zone of little human activity, and it must be the periphery of the settlement. The stone hoes, knives, hammers, and stones excavated from the lower level of the botanical garden site echo the agricultural techniques of planting, harvesting, shelling, and rice milling that were already in use at that time. By observing the wear marks on the stone hammers and stones excavated from Nanhai Road, it is assumed that the people in the lower part of the botanical garden used these two stone tools for threshing and milling. This phenomenon is also consistent with the predominance of the "base of the rice spike" and "rice embryo and rice grain fragments" among the plant remains from the Nanhai Road area. The author deduces that the people at that time were pounding and shelling the grains on the south side of the settlement and then disposing of the waste debris in the same place. The tools related to the act of cooking grain were mainly pots with a rounded bottom and a rounded belly, and this type of pottery can often be seen to have heat-related changes in the body, localized graying, and charcoal adhering to the surface of the pot. In addition, the pottery legs supporting the jars with rounded bottoms and rounded bellies were also excavated. The bird's head shape was not only for purely decorative purposes, but also to achieve the effect of helping the pottery vessels to be more stable when cooking. An analysis of the fruit and weed remains in the plant remains shows that fruiting plants such as persimmon, elderberry, elderberry, tree, grapes, melon, winter melon, gourd, and eggplant existed around the botanical garden settlement 4,000 to 5,000 years ago. There are also many grasses and weeds around the settlement, such as the subfamily Millet, Barnyardia, Matang, and Oxalis, as well as the families Saxifraga, Salicaceae, and Polygonaceae. The fruit remains excavated from Nanhai Road, the southern side of the prehistoric village, are smaller than the Mandarin fruits from the periphery of the prehistoric settlement, indicating that fruits were more associated with human activities and may have been a food source collected by the prehistoric population. Overall, the small number of fruit remains indicates that the utilization pattern of plant resources at that time was still dominated by grain cultivation, and the contribution of wild plants to daily food collection was relatively low. This complex farming pattern, settled settlements, and detailed spatial demarcation of settlements are different from the "simple farming" and "initial society" imagined by Dr. Chhang Guangchih and the academic community. If the grain shape of the well-preserved rice from the lower layer of the Botanical Garden site is measured, it can be seen that the length-to-width ratio of the rice from the Botanical Garden site is less than 2.2, which is consistent with the grain shape characteristics of stem rice. This is consistent with the grain shape characteristics of rice from Dalongdong, the Anhe site in Taichung, and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. In addition, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River have formed a mixed rice and dry farming pattern since 6000 years ago. It is assumed that the rice varieties at the Botanical Garden site and the nearby Dalongdong site are more closely related to the short-grain rice prevalent in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River than those in the Taihu Lake area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Therefore, the emergence of early Taiwanese agriculture may be related to the transmission route from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to Fujian via Jiangxi. The ancient Baiyue people from Fujian brought farming techniques, rice seeds, and corn seeds with them to Taiwan through a long period of cross-regional transmission, where they interacted with local Taiwanese people and developed long-term settlement-type farming settlements such as the lower level of the Botanical Garden site and the Dalongdong site.

並列關鍵字

Rice and Millet Cultivation ； grain processing ； Tapenkeng Period ； Shuntanpu Early Culture

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