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從工程法務論析都市工程契約之基本法制與課題
A Legal Analysis of Fundamental Institutions and Issues in Construction Contract of Urban Public Works
摘要
近年來因為社會經濟的成長與進步，國內不論私人建設或公共工程都有許多發展，然而隨著這些營建工程的數量愈多，規模愈大，所牽扯的利益糾葛和法律責任也愈大。就以都市工程而言，由於工程種類日益繁多，且規模益趨擴大，而由於工程性質也較為特殊及技術困難度較高等特性，耗用公帑預算益發鉅大，加上近來國內工程環境日益複雜，相關契約所涉及之層面亦大，影響程度尤深。不僅其規劃、設計、預算、採購、發包、簽約、施工、驗收等作業之辦理，過程繁瑣，內容龐雜，糾紛特多；完工後的使用、營運、維護管理和保固履約，抑且關係民眾之安危福祉甚鉅甚廣，故常須訂以正式契約書，俾能明確規範各相關當事人之權利義務，並取得法律上的確切保障。都市工程因具有工期長、受天候環境因素影響大、高風險以及高度專業化等之特性，其承攬契約之履行常摻雜著不安定的因素，因此相較於其他種類之契約，工程契約，特別是都市工程契約之簽訂，雖有書件憑證明確規範各相關當事人之權利義務，但往往因為各當事人對契約內容認知不一，事後所衍伸出來之爭端，十分龐雜難解，尤易招致爭議。加上工程期間普遍存在過多變更設計和追加預算之情事，往往容易影響工程之順利進行和公帑之合法使用。因此，本文乃以「都市工程契約」之基本法制與課題作為主要探討對象。基本上，「都市工程契約」是一個兼跨都市規劃、營建管理和工程法務等領域之研究，本文爰自我國民法規範之工程承攬契約規定出發，將此一課題區分為「一般工程契約」和「都市工程契約」兩個層次，主要採取「文獻回顧分析法」，並輔以「文義解釋法」與「規範解釋法」，賅要析述都市工程契約的法律性質，並輔以國內都市工程施工階段前後之採購管理與契約管理的實務和學說，論述其基本法制課題，且提出可能之建議，期能為都市工程契約法規律學說體系奠定初步之基礎，並有助於相關學界、業界和各主管官署之參考。
並列摘要
The problems about public construction such as incomplete in construction contracts and unfair about risk sharing cause an infinite dispute. Furthermore, It even results in behind schedule and inferior construction quality, etc. Therefore, how to properly frame the contract clauses about public construction are essential issues worth to study now. As urban public works are relatively multiplied in variety and enlarged in scale, which with long duration, substantial immense amount of budget consists of special, difficult and highly technical requirements, contract disputes have been hardly reduced. In addition, they are facing the complication of environmental conditions recently, a great variety of contract disputes have become an imperative aspect of urban public works. Owing to the intrinsic nature of urban public works itself, such as much longer duration, the numerous varieties of contract, higher technological level, and standardized contract (or contract of adhesion) etc., it often leads to multitudes of problems such as serious delays for the completion date and escalation of costs. High risk and huge uncertainty are thus much more than generally construction. It is generally recognized that contract disputes will be increasing in terms of their magnitude and complexity. Therefore, it is in great need to develop an effective dispute resolution system that would reduce the time and cost of resolving expensive and lengthy claims. Only a fair contract, especially a fairly written-contract, can contributed lots to reduce disputes; A fair contract also plays a significant role in enhancing urban public works' safety and quality. Therefore, the topic of this paper is to analyze legal institutions and fundamental issues of urban public works' construction contract. This paper starts with the basic knowledge and general definition of ”contract” and ”construction contract”. Then, it probes to the legal properties and fundamental issues of urban public works' construction contract, primarily based on related legal aspects of Civil Law and government Procurement Law. Finally, some strategic thinking and practical suggestions are proposed. In doing so, the author hopes this paper is helpful for students are interested in this relative field abut urban public works' construction contract and can think about how to reestablish the legitimacy and execution of it.