試論科索沃邁向獨立之路的背景、條件及其影響

科索沃的獨立有其主客觀條件。就主觀條件來看，其一，科索沃境內阿族佔絕對優勢，有堅定的獨立意志；其二，在塞爾維亞長期統治下，曾遭塞族壓迫，形同次等公民，各項建設遠不如塞族居住地區，乃凝聚強烈憂患意識，謀求當家作主；其三，周邊鄰國馬其頓和阿爾巴尼亞的阿族同胞同仇敵愾，助長科索沃獨立聲勢；其四，因地緣政治因素，從而提升科索沃在巴爾幹的戰略地位，加上阿族視科索沃為其歷史文化發祥地，具有象徵意義，不容退讓。再就客觀條件來看，其一，南斯拉夫的解體，各共和國紛紛獨立，而提供科索沃仿效的示範；其二，90年代遭塞族武力清洗，人權受到踐踏蹂躪，在主權和人權相互抵觸時，政治領袖主張「人權高於主權」，獲得國際社會廣泛支持；其三，境內有聯合國維和部隊1萬6,000餘人駐守，受聯合國託管保護，形同一道安全傘；其四，獲得美國、歐盟等重要國家鼎力支持，更使普里什蒂納有恃無恐，堅定其邁向獨立的決心。

關鍵字

科索沃；塞爾維亞；南斯拉夫；獨立公投

並列摘要

Kosovo has subjective and objective conditions for its independence. Considering subjective conditions; first, the ethnic Albanians in Kosovo hold an absolute advantage with a firm will for independence. Secondly, the Albanians have become secondary citizens under Serbian long term rule and a strong consciousness for independence is thus raised. Thirdly, the Albanians in neighbor countries share the same hatred and fight against Serbians which gives Kosovo impetus for independence. Lastly, Kosovo has a strategic position in the Balkans for geopolitical importance. Considering objective conditions; first, the breakup of Yugoslavia and other republics' independence have provided Kosovo with good models to follow. Secondly, the Serbian cleansing force in the 1990s trampled human rights, and political leaders have advocated ”human rights above sovereignty”. Thirdly, the United Nation's peacekeeping force of 16,000 soldiers stationed in Kosovo helped to work as a security umbrella. Lastly, the United States, Europe, and other important countries' support secure Pristina in the knowledge that it is firmly determined to achieve independence.