社會福利國之昨日與今日－以德國社會保險的法制發展為例

Social Welfare State in the Past and Present-the Development Germany Social Security Legal System as an Example

邵惠令(Hui-Ling Shao)

《財產法暨經濟法》 16期 (2008/12) Pp. 123-170

https://doi.org/10.29825/PELJ.200812.0004

摘要

俾斯麥社會立法被喻爲是世上第一個由國家建立社會保險制度。德國社會保險的特色在於以法律強制加入、集體風險分攤的自我預護機制，達到保障個人經濟安全，同時完成社會衡平的任務。
然而九○年代陸續出現的高失業率、低出生率、人口結構老化、東西德統一後退休人口增加等問題，造成社會保險有史以來最嚴重的財政危機。這也亦迫使向來重視勞工褔利之社民黨於一九九八年執政後，陸續進行一連串大規模的社會保險改革。
今日的執政者如同昔日的俾斯麥，以社會立法與改革作爲施政重點，籍以解決社會與經濟危機。如何在己選擇的社會保險路徑尋求出路，在社會福利國的理念下進行社會重整而非社會解體，成爲解決社會保險財政危機的首要課題。

關鍵字

社會保險 ； 社會救助 ； 路徑依賴 ； 俾斯麥 ； 社民黨 ； 強制保險 ； 保險原則 ； 社會衡平原則 ； 社會福利國 ； 外來負擔

並列摘要

Bismarck's social legislation was recognized as the first national social security system in the World. It also established the German social security systems. These self precaution systems are characterized by compulsory insurance with collective risk redistribution which ensures the individual economic security, meanwhile accomplish the mission of social balance.
After 1990 ages social problems appeared like enhanced unemployment rate, the low birth rate, the ageing of population structure as well as increased pensioners due to the reunion of East and West Germany. This caused historic most serious financial crisis of the German social security. It also forced the SPD Party, who used to concern the laborer welfare after coming into power in 1998, began the large-scale social security reforms one after another.
The rulers in the present day, similar to Bismarck in the past, pay much attention to the social legislation and its reforms in their politics. How to seek the way out from the chosen social insurance path and to proceed social reconstruction instead of social system breakup, are the first important tasks to solve the financial crisis of social insurance.

並列關鍵字

Social Insurance ； social aid ； path dependent ； Bismarck ； SPD party ； compulsory insurance ； principle of insurance ； principle of social equalization ； welfare state ； external burden