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射頻處理西洋蔘渣和米糠作為猴頭菌固態發酵基質之研究
Study on Radio Frequency Treating American Ginseng Residue and Rice Bran as Solid-State Fermented Media of Hericium erinaceus
摘要
為增加利用農業副產物，將利用射頻安定化碾米完的米糠和射頻乾燥經超音波萃取後的西洋蔘渣，再以不同比例混合以作為猴頭菌固態發酵基質，培養5週，分析猴頭菌固態發酵產物的生物活性物質，如:多醣、猴頭素A、三萜類、人蔘皂苷、總多酚、類黃酮及清除DPPH自由基的抗氧化活性，並探討利用猴頭菌固態發酵將西洋蔘渣轉化成生理活性人蔘皂苷Rg3的可行性。本次研究是利用100℃熱風輔助10 kW射頻快速乾燥西洋蔘渣，使水分含量由80%降至10%以下方可儲藏，再與射頻加熱後達100℃以上的安定化米糠，依1:3、2:2和3:1三種不同比例混合，並將水分含量控制在45%，以500 g基質裝入太空包中，在25℃下進行猴頭菌固態發酵五週後，後續再進行發酵產物的生物活性成分分析。在10 kW射頻乾燥西洋蔘渣，裝載量分別為1、1.5、2和2.5kg，射頻功率會隨裝載量增加而增加，所以在電極板間距12 cm下，2.5 kg裝載量有較快的乾燥速率為89.786 g/min，只需22.37 min即完成乾燥。另外西洋蔘渣經過猴頭菌發酵轉換後進行分析，顯示出在米糠和西洋蔘渣比例為3:1、2:2和1:3的產物中，具有生物活性的人蔘皂苷（Rg3）含量分別為3.094、3.448和3.195 mg/g人蔘渣，皆較於原先射頻乾燥的西洋蔘渣原料之Rg3的0.296 mg/g高。另外，猴頭菌固態發酵產物的類黃酮、總多酚、粗多醣和猴頭素A，是以米糠和西洋蔘渣比例為2:2作為基質時的含量較高，故此研究的結果不只增加農業副產物的利用，且經過猴菇頭菌固態發酵後，亦可以開發為保健食品。
並列摘要
In order to increase the utilization of agricultural by-products, rice bran stabilized by radio frequency (RF) and the American ginseng residues from ultrasonic extraction by radio frequency drying. They were mixed in different ratios as the solid-state fermentation media of Hericium erinaceus for 5 weeks cultivation, and analyzed their bioactive components such as crude polysaccharides, erinacine A, triterpenes, ginsenosides, flavonoids, total polyphenols, and the antioxidant activity of scavenging DPPH free radicals. And explore the feasibility of using Hericium erinaceus solid-state fermentation to convert American ginseng residue into physiologically active ginsenoside Rg3. This study was using 100°C hot air assisted 10 kW RF to quickly dry American ginseng residue to reduce moisture content from 80% to below 10% before storage. In addition, the stabilized rice bran heated by radio frequency to above 100°C, were mixed with dried American ginseng residue in three different ratios of 3:1, 2:2 and 3:1, and moisture content was controlled at 45% as media. The 500 g media was loaded into a plastic bag, and the solid-state fermentation of Hericium erinaceus was carried out at 25°C for five weeks, and then analyze their bioactive components. The loadings of American ginseng residue were 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 kg in the hot air assisted 10 kW RF drying system, and the RF power increased with increasing loading; therefore, the 2.5 kg load had faster drying rate of 89.786 g/min, and it only took 22.37 min to achieve drying at the electrode plate gap of 12 cm. In addition, the conversion of bioactive ginsenoside (Rg3) from American ginseng residues by Hericium erinaceus fermentation with ratios of rice bran and American ginseng residues of 3:1, 2:2 and 1:3 showed 3.094, 3.448 and 3.195 mg/g ginseng residue, respectively, which were all higher than 0.296 mg/g of the original RF dried American ginseng residue. In addition, the flavonoids, total polyphenols, crude polysaccharides and erinacine A of the Hericium erinaceus solid-state fermented products had higher contents when medium contained 2:2 ratio of rice bran and American ginseng residue. Therefore, this study is not only increasing the utilization of agricultural by-products, and their Hericium erinaceus solid-state fermented products can also be developed into functional food.