制度是關於博弈如何進行的共有信念的一個自我維繫系統。多樣化的制度在演化中,存在著互補性和路徑依賴。比較制度分析以博弈論、資訊經濟學和代理理論爲基礎。經濟體制是一個複雜的進化系統。與俄羅斯的“大爆炸式”轉型相比,中國的漸進主義改革更安全、更穩健。與親善市場論和國家推動發展論不同,青木昌彥持市場增進論的觀點。他認爲:不應把政府和市場看作相互排斥的對立物,政府政策的職能在於促進或補充民間部門的協調功能。青木昌彥界定了國家的四種基本類型:自由民主型國家、勾結型國家、社會民主社團主義國家和官僚制多元主義國家。日本政治經濟制度的特徵被稱爲“官僚制多元主義”。
Institutions are self-enforcing systems of shared beliefs of game models. Institution complementarities and path dependence are influential during multiple institutions' evolution. Comparative Institutional Analysis is based on evolutionary game theory, information economics and agency theory. Economies are complex evolutionary systems. Compared to ”the big-bang model” of Russia's transition, the gradualism model of China's reform is safer and steadier. Differing from market-friendly and state-development view, Aoki Masahiko's market-enhancing view and governments' policies should promote and replenish the coordination of social sectors. We should not oppose government against market. There are four types of states: liberal democratic state, collusive state, social democratic corporatist state and bureaucratic pluralist state. Japan's political economy can be defined as ”bureaucratic pluralism”.