關於日語的主詞論說

The Discourse about Japanese Subject

伊藤幹彦(Mikihiko Ito)

《明道學術論壇》 8卷4期 (2012/12) Pp. 31-44

https://doi.org/10.6953/MJ.201212.0031

摘要

日文是由主語、謂語所形成的主謂關係之主語肯定論（橋本論點），還是主題、謂語所形成的題謂關係之主語否定論（三上論點）？主語是連接ガ、ハ、モ、マデ、サエ之體言。連接ハ之名詞稱為主題，連接ガ之名詞稱為主格，前者為第一主語，後者為第二主語，其意思變得明確，為什麼？主題是題目，成為中心思想。主格只不過修飾一篇文章中的一節，但因為主題是修飾一篇文章的全部，也支配連貫數百句的全部文章。例如以「番茄」為主題的數百句文章。此文章的第一句如下開始。「番茄顏色是紅的，形狀是圓的，水份多的水果，還有，番茄……」。在這個文中「「顏色」修飾「紅的」，「形狀」修飾「圓的」，「水份」只不過修飾「多的」，但「番茄」是修飾整個文章，因為其支配連貫數百句的全文。筆者不否定主語的存在，但是是站在接近主語否定論的中立立場（比起使用主語的說法還是使用主格的說法較好之立場）。

關鍵字

主語 ； 主題 ； 主格 ； 主語肯定論 ； 主語否定論

並列摘要

Japanese is subject positivistic (Hashimoto argument) or subject negativistic (Mikami argument) of subject-predicate relationship formed by the subjects and predicates? The subjects are nouns attached to ガ, ハ, モ, マデ, and サエ. The nouns attached to ハ is called the topic, while those attached to ガ are nominative. The former is the first and the latter is the second subject, so that the meaning of a sentence becomes clear. Why? Because the topic is the center of an article, while the nominative subject is only a partial decoration in the whole page. As the topic is dressing an entire article, it dominates and coherent hundreds of sentences. If we take an article of hundreds of sentences with the topic of ＂tomatoes＂, the first sentence starts like this: ＂The tomato is a fruit of which the color is red, the shape is round, and the water content is rich. And the tomato…＂ In the context, ＂the color＂ explains ＂red＂, ＂the shape＂ explains ＂round＂ and ＂the water content＂ simply explains ＂rich＂, however, the whole article is about ＂the tomato＂ since it dominates and coherent the full text of hundreds of sentences. The author does not deny the existence of the subjects with a neutral attitude closer to the subject negativism (where ＂nominative＂ is a better way than ＂subjective＂ to describe it).

並列關鍵字

subject ； topic ； nominative ； subject positivism ； subject negativism