喪親哀傷現象學取向研究：研究者之態度、反思與意識轉換

在二十年學術生涯中，作者觀察到喪親哀傷的現象與研究，存在著研究雙方互動後知覺差異與研究者知能與實踐差距。並且，因所審查之喪親哀傷研究稿件多採現象學取向卻呈現若干混淆，故而為此文提點該研究主題之新進研究者，請其於進行現象學取向研究時，研究方法要符合哲學觀，更要著重在研究者態度、反思與意識轉換。所要求的都是「研究者」自身。本文強調研究態度貫穿了整個研究歷程，並進行以下論述：研究者要具備感同身受的能力，在研究歷程中，尊重喪親者為主體，從喪親者的角度出發；兩人互為主體。本文亦討論研究者在研究歷程中的「意識轉換」。藉由訪談與資料分析兩階段的「存而不論」和「想像變異」來澄清，並提及研究結果呈現。本文論述，現象學取向訪談者要持開放態度，存而不論而轉換意識狀態為純粹意識，具體操作則是訪談者與喪親者建立具信任感的訪談關係，十分專注地聆聽喪親者。「想像變異」則是研究者由少數幾位喪親者的經驗來獲得本質結構的關鍵。本文深入釐清「想像變異」以協助新進研究者理解其精義。就研究結果的呈現，本文強調研究結果是描述喪親者經驗本質的「描述文」。本文所強調的「反思」則於以下三個段落分別提醒新進研究者：進行「反思決定態度，態度決定研究品質」的整體論述，以及研究歷程裡的訪談階段與分析階段。

關鍵字

反思；研究態度；現象學訪談；喪親哀傷研究；意識轉換

並列摘要

This article aims to enhance the quality of studies on grief and bereavement in Taiwan, with an emphasis on research attitude and researcher reflexivity for novice researchers. Based on the author's observation, there is a gap between perceptions of the bereaved and the researcher after practical interactions. Besides, when peer-reviewing manuscripts, differences could be found in researchers' understanding and practice in a phenomenological approach to research. Additionally, for near two decades, there have been only 26 articles on grief and bereavement published by peer-reviewed journals in the counseling field in Taiwan. All these facts lead me to presenting and discussing crucial concerns in a phenomenological approach to grief and bereavement studies for novice researchers. This article proposes that research attitude of a researcher runs through the whole research process in a phenomenological study. The attitude illuminates when a researcher respects subjectivities of the bereaved, when a researcher empathizes with the grief from the bereaved perspective, and when the two share their subjectivities. Epoché and imaginative variation of phenomenological approach to interview and analysis are comprehensively discussed. A phenomenological interviewer, in an Epoché state of consciousness, creates a relaxing and trustful atmosphere for the bereaved to express his/her experiences freely and for the interviewer to collect comprehensive raw data. Meanwhile, in imaginative variation, which Taiwanese researchers may be unfamiliar with, imagination and intuition out of various aspects and possibilities are practiced, with the researcher reflexivity of how to perform imaginative variation emphasized. The finding of phenomenological research is to be descriptive, instead of being categorical, of the essence of the experience. The article attaches tremendous importance to reflexivity. Namely, researcher reflexivity determines research attitude which further determines research quality. Several mementos in each stage of the research process are suggested at the end of each section of this article.

並列關鍵字

transformation of state of consciousness ； grief and bereavement studies ； phenomenological interview ； reflexivity ； research attitude

參考文獻

王純娟（2016）。你怎麼先走？：由子女驟逝者的哀傷論陪伴模式之建構。新北巿：典藏文創。

Google Scholar

台安醫院（2017 年 4 月 24 日）。退化性關節炎治療方式的選擇。2018 年10 月 3 日引自https://www.tahsda.org.tw/m/files/SDM/%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E6%80%A7%E9%97%9C%E7%AF%80%E7%82%8E%E9%86%AB%E7%97%85%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%A1%A8.pdf