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足球運動表現要素之探討

Preliminary Discussion of Factors Contributing to the Success in Soccer

摘要


在足球賽事中,選手除了需要過人的體能與技能之外,也需要有良好的認知功能(例如:觀察與決策),才能有效掌握運動場上的快速變化。因此,影響足球運動表現的因子非常多元。本綜評性文章將探討影響足球運動表現的重要因子,以作為未來科學化訓練之參考基礎。本文將從體能、反應、敏捷、專項技能以及戰術等層面探討其影響運動表現可能之面向與訓練原則,其後再聚焦於探討可能造成足球運動員個別差異之認知功能特性,並討論其與運動表現之間的可能關聯。根據本文針對文獻評析的結果可以得知,足球需要的體能層面相當多元但又具特殊性,因此在訓練上須著重多面向的訓練方法。此外,在認知神經科學的研究可以發現,足球運動員的認知功能可能與他們在競技運動表現上有密切相關,其中更有學者提出認知功能表現可作為足球運動表現之預測因子。有鑑於上述回顧之實徵研究證據,本文建議未來除了考量專項體能訓練之外,亦可將心智訓練的原理應用於足球的運動訓練中,並且可參考將心智功能表現作為選才之一。

並列摘要


During a soccer game, players require not only great physical fitness and sports skills, but also superior cognitive functioning (i.e., observation and decision making), in order to effectively cope with the quick changes and demands of a game. As a result, soccer is a multifaceted sport requiring physical, tactical, and technical factors integrating to determine the success of sporting performance. Thus, physical training seems not to be the only factor that contributes to successful performance in soccer games. Rather, cognitive skills might play important roles in this regard. The aim of the present review article is to discuss factors important for soccer performance, providing bases for science-based training programs. This article firstly discusses physical factors including physical fitness and energy systems, reactions, agility, sport-specific skills, and tactics that may potentially affect soccer performance and training principles. Further, we discuss cognitive performance of soccer players and its association to real-world sporting performance, in order to better understand the role of cognition in soccer. The reviewed results primarily showed that physical factors of soccer are diversified and sport-specific. Moreover, accumulating evidence revels that cognitive function is related to sporting skills and may have the predictive power for expertise level and the success of performance. According to the present review and discussion, we suggest that the use of cognitive training is promising for enhancing soccer performance on top of soccer-specific training. Besides, cognitive measures might be useful tool for the talent identification in soccer.

參考文獻


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