早期儒墨兩家「聖人」觀念新探－以「聖人之身分」為中心

本文把問題的範圍集中在「聖人之身分」這一點上，使用較有客觀性的「身分」為尺度，詳細地探析戰國早期儒墨「聖人」觀念擴大及縮小的過程。本文將早期儒家分成「孔子在世時的儒家」（子夏與子貢）和「孔子死後的儒家」（公孟、郭店儒家、孟子）兩組，剖析其主張中「聖人之身分」如何演變；另一方面根據《墨子》、《莊子‧天下》及出土文獻，進行釐清墨家「聖人之身分」演變的過程。孔子與墨子「聖人」兼備「為政者」的身分。孔墨逝世之後，早期儒墨兩家為了創始人的聖人化而使得「聖人之身分」往下擴大。儒墨兩家透過「聖人」概念的「通漲」（Inflation：量的增加所引起的其價值降低之現象）成功使「創始人」的「聖人化」。之後突然一變，又希望回復「聖人」的價值。因此，儒墨兩家排除了創始者之外無位無冠的「聖人」。如此，戰國早期儒墨兩家產生了「聖人」概念的「擴大」與「收斂」的兩條相反的潮流。

關鍵字

聖人概念；聖人之身分；儒家；墨家；出土文獻

並列摘要

This paper is focused on the social status of ＂Saint＂ (聖人), and analyzed its process of ＂expansion＂ and ＂reduction＂. It divided the early Confucian into the two groups ,one of them is ＂the before a Cong-zi (孔子)'s death＂ that includes Zi-xia (子夏) and Zi-gong (子貢), an another is ＂the after a Cong-zi (孔子)'s death＂ that includes Gong-meng (公孟), Guo-dian (郭店) Confusion and Meng-zi (孟子). It contrast the two groups, inquired to the difference of social status which ＂Saint＂(聖人) were required to be in. Also based on ＂Mo-zi＂ (《墨子》), ＂Hzuang-zi Tian-xia＂ (《莊子‧天下》) and Discovered texts (出土文獻), analyzed the Mohism (墨家) how changed the social status of ＂Saint＂(聖人). Cong-zi (孔子) and ＂Mo-zi＂ (墨子) who were great founders thought that ＂Saint＂ (聖人) must to be in the ruling class, but their disciples that is early Confucian and Mohisum had started to expand the social status of ＂Saint＂ (聖人) to lower classes for make its founders ＂Saint＂ (聖人) as soon as their founders died. The both of two schools had sucessed in the founders ＂Saintize (聖人化) by ＂Inflation＂ (i.e. a quantity increase cause a value decline] of ＂Saint＂ (聖人).However they changed suddenly schemed restoration of the ＂Saint (聖人)＂, so they excluded the other ＂Saint＂ (聖人) without any rank except their founders. In conclusion, early Confucian and Mohisum had been produced two contrary current that are expansion and reduction of the idea of ＂Saint＂ (聖人) through the early Warring States period.