進化論影響下的晚清知識份子—以蔣觀雲為個案研究

蔣觀雲（1866－1929）於史學家張灝所言之「轉型時代」（1895－1925）之中，可謂相當典型的知識份子，其思想知識養成的歷程，從傳統私塾教育、接觸西學，後以啟蒙維新為志業，呈現中西、新舊的碰撞與交融，他在《新民叢報》撰寫多篇影響當代及後世之文章，開拓了中國現代民俗學的領域。事實上，晚清中國面臨千古未有之變局、國族之危機，經過嚴復《天演論》轉譯後的相關進化觀點，如自強保種、物競天擇、適者生存等觀念，在晚清知識界相當盛行，影響了無數知識份子。若結合蔣觀雲一系列的啟蒙論述，將會發現《中國人種考》、〈神話歷史養成之人物〉等文章，的確富含諸多「進化論」之色彩，值得詳加關注與深究。故本文欲觀察「轉型時代」中的蔣觀雲如何論述中國人種起源，應對中國人種西來說，並且重釐中國傳統的神話傳說，如《山海經》等著作，呈現他對於國家、國族的特殊指涉，以及人生關懷。

關鍵字

蔣觀雲；進化論；啟蒙；中國人種考；神話

並列摘要

Historian Zhang Hao said Chiang Kuan-yun (1866-1929) is a typical intellectual during transformation era. (1895-1925). His intellectual growing process which is from traditional private school education to Western learning, is characterized by the blending of East and West with the new and old vision. His writing in the ＂Xinmin Cong Bao＂, which has influenced contemporary and contemporary Chinese folklore. In fact, China in the late Qing Dynasty was faced with an unprecedented change and the crisis of the national race. Theory of the Heavenly Revelation which was translates by Yan Fu , such evolution views like self-reliance, natural selection and survival of the fittest, became very popular in the intellectual group of the late Qing Dynasty and influenced countless scholars. If we combined Chiang Kuan-yun's series of enlightening articles, we will find articles such as ＂The Chinese Ethnology＂ and ＂The Man of Mythical History＂, which are full of evolutionism, and it deserved careful attention and thorough investigation. Therefore, this article wishes to observe in the ＂transitional era＂ how did Chiang Kuan-Yun discusses the origins of the Chinese race, and how he deals with ＂the Chinese race come from West＂, and rebuild traditional Chinese myths and legends, such as the ＂Shan Hai Jing＂, which shows his special concern for the nation and its people.