由州縣學記析探宋代士人對三代聖治的實踐與反思

州縣學記，乃指州縣建學、修學、遷學等過程相關記錄的學記體散文。北宋在崇文政策與三次大規模興學運動的推波助瀾下，州縣學校紛立，加速學記體散文的蓬勃發展，不僅成為有宋一代盛行的文學體裁，還樹立完善的寫作體例典範，實為今人研究宋代地方官學教育的重要文獻史料。宋代士人致力實踐傳統儒家的治世理念，他們主張「三王四代，質文殊迹，圖治之本，惟學為先」，學校教育的建立乃是三代聖治的延續，更是三代以來治世的準則。本文乃透過梳理宋代因應各地州縣興學而作的學記體散文，析探宋代士人對三代聖治理想的嚮往、對三代聖王教化之行應置於百事之先、以學養賢、求政於學、推明治道、致君堯舜等教育與政治理念的實踐，以及對國君勵精圖治之興學政策的響應。

關鍵字

州縣學記；宋代地方官學；回向三代；以學養賢；致君堯舜

並列摘要

The records of learning in prefectures and counties refer to the proses recorded in the process of the establishment, revision and relocation of learning in prefectures and counties. In the Northern Song Dynasty, with the help of the policy of worshiping literature and the three large-scale campaigns to build schools in the states and counties, the vigorous development of learned prose not only became a popular literary genre in the Song Dynasty, but also set up a perfect model of writing style. It is an important historical document for modern people to study the education of local government in Song Dynasty. The scholars of the Song Dynasty were committed to the traditional Confucian philosophy of governing the world. They advocated that ＂three kings and four generations of the people should be governed by learning＂. The establishment of school education was the continuation of the three generations of sage rule and the rule of governing the world since the three generations. This paper is a review of the scholarly prose of the Song Dynasty, which was written in response to the establishment of schools in various states and counties. In Song Dynasty, the scholars' yearning for the ideal of three-generation sage governance, the education of the three-generation sage king should be put in the first place, the practice of the education and politics idea such as the way of learning to cultivate talents and helping emperor become sage king Yao and Shun, and the response to the policy of the emperor of the Song Dynasty.