從胡塞爾之意向性看巴特之認識上帝的可能性

Karl Barth's Possibility of Knowing God from the Perspective of Edmund Husserl's Intentionality

譚國才(Joseph Kuo-Tsai Tan)

《漢語基督教學術論評》 24期 (2017/12) Pp. 143-171

摘要

本文要探討的問題是：「人如何可能認識上帝？」。本文以卡爾．巴特的啟示論為回答此一問題的主軸，再讓胡塞爾的超驗現象學與巴特的啟示論對話。本文對焦於巴特所言之認識上帝的主觀可能性。啟示是自由與全能之上帝的作為，啟示已在基督裡成為客觀的事實，因此也有了客觀可能性。啟示又因聖靈而在人與教會中成了主觀的事實，既有主觀的事實，當然有主觀可能性。巴特不用人的自然本性來論證啟示的主觀可能性，而只是說明這主觀可能性是如何的可能。而本文的主旨則在透過胡塞爾的現象學更進一步地理解這主觀的可能性。本文從胡塞爾對意識所作現象學分析來說明以下三點：第一、啟示之道成肉身，是啟示出現在人的意識中成為人的意向性的對象。第二、從意識的被給予性，可以理解啟示是被給予在人的意識中，而人得啟示首先是 被動的領受。第三、從意向性的建構功能，可以理解：領受啟示需要能領會啟示，也就需要聖靈賞賜領會啟示所必須的「順服」心。

關鍵字

胡塞爾 ； 意向性 ； 既予性 ； 巴特 ； 啟示的可能性

並列摘要

The question of this article is: ＂How do human beings know God?＂ This article bases the answer to this question on Karl Barth’s view of revelation, and then introduces Edmund Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology as a dialogue partner with Barth’s doctrine of revelation.The focus of this article is Barth’s ＂possibility of knowing God.＂ Revelation is the act of the free and omnipotent God. It has become an objective fact in Christ, and therefore it has objective possibility. Furthermore, thanks to the Holy Spirit, revelation has become a subjective fact in believers and the church. And because it is already a subjective fact, of course it has subjective possibility. Therefore, Barth does not use any human natural faculty to develop a proof for the subjective possibility of revelation. He only explains ＂how＂ revelation is possible subjectively. The purpose of this article is to use Husserl’s phenomenology to further explain the subjective possibility of revelation. Three points of the possibility of knowing God are explicated with Husserl’s phenomenological analysis of consciousness. First, incarnation of God’s Word is the revelation that appears in human consciousness and becomes an object of intentionality. Second, according to Husserl’s analysis of the givenness of consciousness, revelation is understood as first given in the consciousness. Therefore, revelation is understood first as being passively accepted by us. Thirdly, according to the constituting function of intentionality, one must understand revelation in order to really receive revelation. Moreover, one must receive the obedience to God from the Holy Spirit, so that he/she can really understand revelation.

並列關鍵字

Edmond Husserl ； intentionality ； givenness ； Karl Barth ； possibility of revelation

參考文獻

Barth, Karl,Bromiley, Geoffrey William(Trans.)(1975).Church Dogmatics.Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark.

Barth, Karl,Thomson, George Thomas(Trans.),Knight, Harold(Trans.)(1956).Church Dogmatics.Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark.

Barth, Karl,Parker, T. H. L.(Trans.)(1957).Church Dogmatics.Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark.

Barth, Karl,Bromiley, G.W.(Trans.)(1958).Church Dogmatics.Edinburgh:T. & T. Clark.

Brunner, Emil,Barth, Karl,Fraenkel, Peter(Trans.),Bles, Geoffrey(Trans.)(2002).Natural Theology: Comprising "Nature and Grace" by Professor Dr. Emil Brunner and the Reply "No!" by Dr. Karl Barth.Eugene, OR:Wipf and Stock Publishers.