Confraternities in Shanghai from the Late Ming to Early Qing

明末清初上海耶穌會所設信徒團體

史習雋(Xijuan Shi)

《漢語基督教學術論評》 27期 (2019/06) Pp. 7-41

摘要

During the late Ming and early Qing eras, with the number of the converts increasing rapidly, and the number of the missionaries remain limited, there were not enough priests to take care of the Christians. The Jesuits thus adopted the strategy of forming of confraternities of laymen, dividing believers into smaller groups so that the priests could attend to each of them in turn. Shanghai was one of the cities where the confraternities were most highly developed. There were nine kinds of confraternities established in Shanghai during the 17th Century, each having its own features and functions. By mid-century, there were more than one hundred such groups in the city. With the recent publication of the Jingyitang zhi 敬一堂誌, we are provided with new and more detailed information about these confraternities. The text details the operations of Jingyi Tang church, as well as the development of Christianity in Shanghai during the late Ming and early Qing periods. In this paper, the author utilize this text, along with other Chinese and Jesuit historical records, to discuss the establishment of the confraternities, their functioning, and the role they played in sustaining Christianity in Shanghai.

關鍵字

Confraternities ； Shanghai ； Jesuits ； Christianity ； Jingyitang zhi

並列摘要

明末清初時期，為解決天主教徒數量增多而傳教士人數有限的困境，以耶穌會士為代表的在華傳教士創立了一系列由本土信徒組成的團體，以會規的形式為信徒設立宗教生活規範。這類團體既是當時天主教會管理信徒的基本形式之一，也是信徒參與宗教生活的重要途徑。上海是此類團體發展最為發達的地區之一，不僅團體數量龐大，並且種類繁多。各團體之間功能與特點彼此相異，以順應不同階層、年齡、性別的信徒的宗教需求。此前因受史料限制，國內外學界對此類團體研究較少，且皆以西文史料為據。2013年，《敬一堂誌》的出版為我們進一步了解上海的天主教信徒團體提供了大量不見於西文史料的寶貴情報。本稿中，筆者以此漢文史料為基礎，佐以其他教會文獻，對明末清初之際上海的九種天主教信徒團體的創立、發展及其社會功能進行考察，探討這一組織形式對天主教在地域社會發展的影響，並試圖還原當時上海天主教徒參與宗教生活的實態。

並列關鍵字

信徒團體 ； 上海 ； 耶穌會 ； 天主教 ； 《敬一堂誌》

參考文獻

Anonymous 無名氏. Jingyitang Zhi 敬一堂誌 [Records of Jingyi Tang Church]. In Xujiahui cangshulou mingqing tianzhujiao wenxian xubian 徐家匯藏書樓明清天主教文獻續編 [Sequel to Chinese Christian Texts from the Zikawei Library]. Volume 14. Edited by Nicolas Standaert 鐘鳴旦, Ad. Dudink 杜鼎克 & Wang Renfan 王仁芳. 1-143. Taipei:Taipei Ricci Institute, 2013.

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