中蘇關係中的“東突”問題(1944-1945)

The East Turkestan Issue in the Context of Sino-Soviet Diplomacy (1944-1945)

Erkin Ekrem

《兩岸發展史研究》 6期 (2008/12) Pp. 109-213

摘要

1943年蘇聯在新疆勢力被驅除的同時，莫斯科利用新疆民眾民族獨立之願望又制訂了重返新疆的秘密計劃。在蘇聯的協助下，「東突厥斯坦共和國」於1944年11月12日在伊寧宣佈成立，因而蘇聯在短時期內實現了在新疆的影響力。在〈中蘇友好同盟條約〉簽約過程中「東突」問題作為一個制衡籌碼，蘇聯迫使國民黨政府為保滿洲（中國東北）、旅大二港和新疆的權益作出了割讓外蒙古的決議。而當蘇聯政府獲得在中國的利益、恢復1904-1905年前日佔領土以及對日宣戰而擁有了在該地區的部分主導權以後，逐漸改變過去不支持中共之政策，開始培養中共在中國的實力。實際上，蘇聯對中國政策中的「東突」籌碼已開始轉變為「中共」籌碼，東突厥斯坦共和國已完成為其規劃的歷史使命。因此，東突厥斯坦共和國面臨改變國家地位和被迫與國民黨政府談判的境地。而國民黨政府在談判過程中也受蘇聯之助，方獲成功。談判過程中，莫斯科展現了其不可忽視的主導性作用，因此，蘇聯在新疆事務中再一次鞏固了其影響力。本文通過探討蘇聯策劃新疆獨立的原因、策略之演變以及達成的後果，討論在國際政治變化之背景下莫斯科如何利用「東突」問題，獲取其在中國的戰略利益以及中國的策略性回應。

關鍵字

中蘇關係 ； 東突厥斯坦 ； 新疆 ； 東突厥斯坦共和國 ； 國民政府

並列摘要

In 1943, East Turkestan seemed to be free from the influence of the Soviet Union, but at the same time Moscow used the desire of the Xinjiang people for national independence to develop a secret plan to return to power over East Turkestan. With the assistance of the Soviet Union, the ”Republic of East Turkestan” was declared on November 12, 1944, and again the Soviet Union established its influence there. The Soviet Union then used the East Turkestan problem as a card during the negotiation process for the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, and forced the Kuomintang (KMT) government to cede Outer Mongolia in exchange for the right to control Manchuria, East Turkestan, and the ports of Lü-shun and Da-lian. When the Soviet government attained its objectives and during the Second World War re-gained hegemony over the territories that were annexed by Japan in 1904-1905, the Soviet Union started to support the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in gaining strength. This was contrary to its earlier policy, which had not favored the CCP. During this period, when the ”East Turkistan” card of Soviet Union's China policy was replaced by the CCP card, the historic mission of Republic of East Turkestan was completed for the USSR. As a result, the Republic of East Turkestan lost the status of being an independent republic, and was forced to negotiate with the KMT government. Due to the support of the Soviet Union, the KMT government was able to succeed during these negotiations, as the domination of Moscow could not be ignored; therefore, the Soviet Union consolidated its influence in East Turkestan affairs once again. In this article, through examining the reasons for the Soviet Union's support of the independence of East Turkestan, how Soviet aid strengthened East Turkestan, and the outcomes of these policies, we will analyze how the Soviet Union, depending on its international position, used East Turkestan and the CCP card for its own interests in China, as well as the impact of all this on China's policies towards East Turkestan.

並列關鍵字

East Turkestan ； Xinjiang ； Republic of East Turkestan ； KMT ； CCP