寓意、符號與敘寫技巧－論寓言詩與敘事詩、詠物詩、賦比興之交疊與分歧

中國詩學理論之研究可以約簡擘分為二個進路，第一個進路是針對詩歌本身作研究，包括：主題意蘊、形構技巧、藝術風格等為主。第二個進路是針對詩論作闡發、演繹者，包括勾稽詩學理論、分析專用術語或是考辨本事、追索詩家源流體派，或是捻出創作理論等等。在多元富贍的詩學研究或是寓言研究領域當中，「寓言詩」長期以來一直不被關注，遺落的寓言詩，隱藏在詩歌的各個角落中，以中唐為例，劉禹錫有十多首，元稹有二十多首，白居易則有幾近五十首，在近百首豐富的中唐三家寓言詩中，可以管窺中國寓言詩其藏量應更豐富，至中唐才蓬勃發展，尤其是白居易的寓言詩幾可成為一種新的次文類來觀察，白居易不僅大量創作詠物詩，也創作寓言詩，是故，探勘寓言詩是一個可切入的新研究面向。本文基於此，乃重新思考寓言詩應有的義界為何？其特質如何？與其它次文類歌詩之間的關涉如何？因寓言詩必涵括：「寓體」與「本體」二部份，「寓體」即故事或情節，「本體」即寓意所在。所以在摹寫故事或情節時容或與敘事詩有交疊的情形，而在揭發或諭示「寓意」時則與「託物言志型」詠物詩容或交疊，二者皆有「言外重旨」。復次，寓言詩在構寫時，與中國傳統的賦、比、興的技巧是不是亦有疊合的情形出現？準此，本文主要在闡發寓言詩的義界、範疇，以釐析與各種詩歌次文類之間的關涉，冀能朗現寓言詩的風貌。

關鍵字

寓言；寓言詩；敘事詩；詠物詩；賦比興；寄託

並列摘要

Research on Chinese Poetic theory could be divided into two approaches. The first approach aimed at poem itself, including topic meaning, formation skill, art character and style. The second approach aimed to elucidate or deduce poetics, including checking poetic theory, analyzing special jargons, exploring origins and development of poets and creating writing theory etc. In the researches of plural and abundant poetics or fable fields, ”fable poem” have been ignored in a long time. Forgotten fable poem, hided in every corner of poems. For example, in the mid-Tang dynasty, Liu Yu Xi owned ten more poems, Yuan Zhen owned twenty more poems, Bai Ju Yi owned fifty more poems. The three poets owned one hundred more poems totally. Let alone another poet. So fable poem should be more abundant than we had known, especially in the mid-Tang dynasty. Bai Ju Yi's fable poem almost could be treated as a new sub-literature field. Not only Bai Ju Yi created a lot of chanting poems, but also wrote fable poems. Thus, discovery of fable poem will be a new accessible approach. The paper based on these assumptions. I rethink that what's the definition of fable poem? What's its nature? What's the relationship compared to the other sub-literature? Because fable poem included two parts: ”fable ontology” and ”real ontology”. ”Fable ontology” is so called story or content, and ”real ontology” is so called meanings of fable. So fable poem would be overlapped with descriptive poem when presenting story or content. When fable poem revealed its meaning, it would be overlapped with chanting object poem. Both of them all owned double meaning behind poem itself. Besides, is there state of overlapping between writing fable poem and traditional skill, such as Fu Bi Xing? According to this, the paper aimed to elucidate the definition and category of fable poem and to analyze the relationship between fable poem and the other sub-literature. I hope the character and style of fable poem would be more clearly presented.