《老子》“無為”思想於自由意志上之展現

老子講「無為」，乍看之下，似乎是消極的，全然無所作為的意思。然而人生活在世上，再怎麼不爭、不取、不奪，都還是要活動，還是有言行的造作，是以「無為」理當不是指泯息一切外在的活動。更何況老子在講「無為」的同時，且強調當「無為而為」；由此可知，「為」是絕對必要的，重要的是如何以「無為」的心來「作為」。歷來已經有無數的學者處理過「無為」與「為」之間的問題了，實在很難再有新意。因此為了避免老調重彈，筆者在處理「無為」與「為」之間的微妙關係時，嘗試從「無為」與「自由意志」的關聯來做討論，希望藉由這個新的切入點來重新詮釋這個議題。至於為何會想到將「無為」與「自由意志」作聯結，主要是想探討在修得「無為」的境界後，主體是否還擁有「自由」作決定的「意志」？再者，「無為」與「為」兩者在存在時序上，是同時共存還是有先後順序的？雖然說《老子》書中不曾出現過「自由意志」或相關的字眼，然而筆者以為還是可以透過文義來再詮釋的。希望經由對文義的再詮釋，來解開「無為」背後的真義。

關鍵字

老子；無為；一元；二元；自由意志

並列摘要

When people mention about Lao Zi's wuwei theory, sometime would misunderstand, and think it like not doing anything or passive attitude. But how could we live without not doing any action, so wuwei shouldn't be interpret in such way. Besides, when Lao Zi talks about wuwei also emphasizes about ”wuwei er wei”, therefore the main problem isn't not doing, it's about how to do with a wuwei's attitude. There are already many papers discussed about wuwei and wei, so it's very difficult to say something new. To avoid repeating the same results of other papers, this research will focus on the relation in wuwei and free will. The purpose of connecting wrwei and free will is wanting to know is people still having the free will when he or she reaching the wuwei state. Besides, is there an order between wuwei and wei, they appear at the same moment or one after the other? Although we couldn't find the word ”free will” in ”Lao Zi”, we could interpret through the context. Wishing we could find the true meaning of wuwei.