訓詁考據之外──《詩》義解釋背後的一些問題

小學明然後經學明，字詞精確訓解為讀經前提，然而經書注解除了經文內之外，多作經文外的義理延伸，除了屬於科學思維的訓詁考據，屬於義理延伸的經典思維外，在經典的解釋中還有一些不屬於這兩個範疇的思維形式，值得加以考察探究。本文以《詩經》舊注為例，分別從移情與感覺、混淆與誤解、直觀與想像、民俗與信仰、興到與想像、物象與比德、異類轉化與相親等七個面向，探討訓詁考據之外《詩》義解釋背後的一些問題，發掘傳統經學的解釋特點，係以美善為前提，並以此來逆詩人之志。詩人用物象曲折傳達人事，注家將詩義發揮於政治教化，若以科學的態度來檢驗舊注，往往背離詩人作意，並對舊注妄加批評。精確的訓詁考據有益於詩義的理解，科學的求真態度更有助於理性瞭解詩中名物，然而經學、文學與科學本質不同，如何兼顧科學的理性思維，經學的道德教化與文學的審美藝術，是為《詩經》詞語解釋時不可繞過的議題。經學的解釋特點，形成我國解釋學的主要模式，因此要瞭解中國人的思維方式，以《詩經》詞語的另類解釋方式為考察，也是可以進行的一個視角。

關鍵字

詩經；訓詁；考據；解釋；思維

並列摘要

Philological study is the key to understanding the classics, and exact interpretation of texts is a prerequisite of grappling with the classics. Apart from exegesis based on scientific thinking and classical thinking grounded on extension of meaning, there are alternative patterns of interpretations worth in-depth probe. The paper is based on the traditional exegesis. In this paper we tackle issues latent in the interpretation of the Book of Song as a case study beyond the confines of exegesis along the line of seven facets: empathy and feeling, confusion and misunderstanding, intuition and imagination, passion and fantasy, object and metaphor, mutation and affinity. It aims at uncovering the features of traditional interpretation of the classics. Beauty and goodness are taken as a premise to tease out the poet’s will. Poets express sentiments by means of a multitude of objects. The philologists intend poetic meaning to enlightenment. Fortuitous scientific examination of old annotations coupled with unbridled random criticism often leads to deviation from poetic intension. Exact exegesis is instrumental in deepening our understanding of poetic sense, and scientific strive for truth is good for rational understanding of the entities expressed in poetry. Nevertheless, classical studies and literature are different from science in nature. It is an unavoidable issue about the interpretation of expressions used in the Book of Song as to how to pool the concerted efforts of scientifically rational thinking, enlightenment of classics and appreciation of art in literature. The traits of interpretation of classics have become a main model in the hermeneutics in our nation. Therefore, the scrutiny of expressions in the Book of Song in an alternative mode of interpretation offers a valid perspective to appreciate the Chinese way of thinking.