敦煌寫本雜字系蒙書與明清雜字之關聯探究

Zazi in the Series of Enlightened Teaching Materials in Dunhuang Manuscripts and in Ming-Qing Dynasties: A Comparative Study

周安邦(Chou An-Pang)

《興大中文學報》 41期 (2017/06) Pp. 97-144

摘要

雜字，是傳統蒙學中的一種識字與發蒙教材，常見收錄於明代之後的日用類書中。分類字詞、四言便讀與類聚相關，是雜字書在編纂方式上的獨特體式，而這些獨特的體式，還可上溯到敦煌雜字系蒙書的分類部居之纂輯方式。敦煌雜字系蒙書主要可區分為三大類別：一、將常用知識以類聚方式匯集在一起，這一系列的蒙書影響了後世三言、四言、雜言等雜字編纂的內容與形式，包括《雜鈔》、《孔子備問書》。二、分類字詞，以分類立部的方式收錄生活日用常見詞彙，影響了後世雜字分類立部編纂方式，為明清分類字詞雜字之先河，包括《俗務要名林》、《雜集時用要字》。三、以四言一句將常用知識匯聚編輯，敦煌寫本《開蒙要訓》屬之，此乃循《雜鈔》、《孔子備問書》再發展之系統，雖在體式上還未見到分類立部，但四言匯聚方式已成為後世雜字中〈四言便讀〉之先河。本文擬就分類部居之體式，對明清雜字中分類字詞、四言便讀、類聚相關三類範疇與敦煌雜字系蒙書之三大類別，在分類類目與農事描述之相關資料上作比對，探討其在體式與內容上之實際關聯情況。

關鍵字

敦煌 ； 雜字 ； 蒙書 ； 分類部居

並列摘要

As a certain kind of teaching materials in ancient enlightened education, which had frequently been collected in reference books completed in Ming-Qing dynasties, zazi is well-known for its editing techniques, e.g. classification of words, four-character expressions, and coherence of related ideas, which are able to be traced back to the methods of categories edit in the zazi's series of the teaching materials in Dunhuang Manuscripts: 1. Method that collected different knowledges into a system in terms of their resemblance. Its achievement includes zazi writings that are constituted by three or four character sentences, e.g. Za Chao and Confucius Beiwenshu. 2. Method that classified daily words belonging to different categories, which encouraged the writings of Suwu Yaoming Lin and Zazi Shiyong Yaozi, the first two books in the related area during Ming-Qing dynasties. 3. Method that united common knowledges by four-character sentences, which set a precedent for zazi writings in later ages, e.g. Siyan Biandu, despite there is an absence of category edit （fenlei libu） in its representative works such as Kaimeng Yaoxun, a system which development was grounded on Za Chao and Confucius Beiwenshu. Based on the method of fenlei buju and three categories as mentioned above, this article aims to compare zazi in Ming-Qing dynasties with zazi's series of the teaching materials in Dunhuang Manuscripts, in terms of their similarities and dissimilarities in both classification items and agricultural writings.

並列關鍵字

Dunhuang ； Zazi ； Enlightened Materials ； Categories Edit

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