嵇康、向秀養生論述中的「身體」思維與型態觀察

嵇康〈養生論〉、〈答難養生論〉與向秀〈難養生論〉中的主張看似針鋒相對且互相矛盾、扞格；實際上，嵇、向二人分別形塑不同的「身體」，並通過兩端對話來展示當代養生哲學的不同面貌；亦即，嵇、向之論實際是以不同的「身體」定位為前提，亟欲在論辯的機峰中朗現「俗情」與嵇論之有別。細觀二人之持論，除可見「身體」定位的差異，也可隱微探見「身體感」的經驗與流動，轉化出另一層由「身／思」出發的意蘊。因此嵇、向的「養生」論述不僅僅針對益壽延年而發論，而是兼綜「形／神」與「身／思」雙重意涵的深入發揮。嵇康〈養生論〉、〈答難養生論〉中所形塑的「身體」，強調「身」之感受與認知意義之結合，讓「身體」與「主體」間形成一種「共在」形式；向秀則主張隨順人情之所需，具體而微地表徵了身體感受與「宜生」之理的「共同演進」關係。兩人的爭論，亦是一場緣因於「身體」的論爭，經由嵇康與向秀所形塑出的兩種不同「身體」進行觀察，嵇、向的交鋒便得以從養生的單一框限中走出，成為魏晉整體思潮的文化底蘊與精神資源，使其意義得以向整個時代文化敞開。

關鍵字

嵇康；向秀；養生論；身體；身體感

並列摘要

The debates between Ji Kang and Xiang Xiu on the topic of ＂nourishing life＂ highlights the general concerns during the Wei and Jin period regarding the issue of ＂nourishing life＂ and the recognition of the individual existence. Close studies on the relationship between ＂form＂ and ＂spirit＂ in Ji Kang's Yangsheng lun [On Nourishing Life], and Da Nanyangshenglun [Questions of Nan-Nourishing Life], as well as Xiang Xiu's Nanyangsheng lun [OnNon-Nourishing Life] indicate that both philosophers' ideas of ＂form＂ and ＂spirit＂, the ＂form＂ already depart from the traditional Taoist concept of ＂bodily form＂; perceptible traces of the concept of ＂body as of one's own＂ already exist in both Ji Kang's and Xiang Xiu's theories, which in turn lead them to construct, respectively, different perceptions of the ＂body＂ in order to accommodate contemporaneous philosophies on nourishing life. This research aims to clarify the nature of the debates between Ji Kang and Xiang Xiu, which is more than simply an attempt by Xiang Xiu to elevate Ji Kang's theory. Instead, their debates are in fact an argumentation on the concept of ＂body.＂ As a result, by analyzing the different dispositions of ＂body＂ in the philosophy of ＂nourishing life＂ in Ji Kang and Xiang Xiu and observing the two kinds of ＂body＂ constructed by the two philosophers, this research hopes to shed light on the liberty and diversity of the discourse of ＂body＂ in the Wei and Jin period.