孫樵論－晚唐古文運動的一個觀察

唐宋古文運動在中國文學史上所反映的意義，經後世學者屢加照明，其影響之重大深遠，已為不爭之共識，但自中唐迄於宋初，古文之傳承並不如後人所想見的譜系分明，特別是晚唐五代階段，所知尤為模糊。本文以「韓門三傳弟子」之孫樵為對象，探究他與韓愈等人的異同，觀察晚唐古文的發展，希望能對唐宋之際古文運動的演變，提供較為細緻的論證。首先說明晚唐文章研究的困境，以及選擇孫樵作為個案的考量。第二節討論孫樵對於「文」的理解與表現，尤其是對「奇」的追求及淵源。第三節分析韓愈文學觀念中「貫道」與「遊戲」的關係，以及他如何綰合兩者，為「古文」注入活力。進而比較二人的排佛論述、看待儒家與方外的態度，指出孫樵得自韓門者，實僅止於寫作策略之一端，不及古道之思考，在性質上反而近於他所批判的中古文章之士，以致不為宋人所重，從而加深晚唐古文衰落的歷史印象。

關鍵字

古文運動；晚唐；孫樵；韓愈；以文為戲

並列摘要

Numerous scholars have noted the importance of Tang-Sung classical prose movement which arose during the mid-Tang and shed light on its literary and intellectual legacy in the pre-modern China. However, in spite of much attention to the two towering pioneers of the movement, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, and their fellows and influences, we still know little about how this trend changed during the late-Tang and Five-dynasties period. This article explores the process and features of the classical prose in the late-Tang by focusing on Sun Qiao, the ＂third-generation disciple＂ of Han Yu. The first summarizes the difficulty of late-Tang prose studying and Sun's literary role. The second points out Sun's writing strategy which centered on the ＂strange＂ through his works and literary opinions. The third analyses the relationship between two concepts, ＂tools of Way＂ and ＂writing as game＂, in Han's literary theory. The fourth explains how Han combined the virtue of ＂classical＂ with writing and compares his attitude with Sun's toward Buddhism and other thoughts, showing that Sun was therefore deemed by the Sung Confusianists as early medieval literati rather than successor of Han. In short, Sun inherited Han's writing skills instead of the critical and complete thinking of ＂Way＂, and it seems that this deficiency led Sun astray in search of ＂strange＂ and deepen the ＂weak＂ impression of classical prose in the late-Tang.