墨家生死學

Mohist Philosophy of Life and Death

袁信愛(Hsin-Ai Yuan)

《臺北大學中文學報》 15期 (2014/03) Pp. 37-49

摘要

人生的苦樂，往往來自人際的相處。衝突為苦，和諧為樂。如何能使人際之間常保和諧，避免因衝突而危害彼此的生存，就成為墨家所關注的焦點。墨家提出了「義」的概念來作為化解人際衝突的最佳方案，「義」就是「兼愛」，也就是為「為天下人興利除害」。墨家認為「義」不僅可以處理「人生」問題，用來處理「死亡」的議題也一樣的適用。墨家將「義」上溯至「天」，認為上帝不僅為人創造了一切，也期許人們能彼此相愛，互相扶持，共同經營一個和諧共融的人間社會。所以，「義」也就是「天志」。人既承受了上帝的「愛」而享有這世間的一切，自當秉承「天志」而行「義」於人間，這就是人生在世的存在使命。墨家認為人對「義」的堅持並不只限在日常生活裡，如果遇到需要犧牲自己才能保全他人生命或權益的時候，人也應當勇於付出，慷慨就義。「死亡」並不足懼，能夠為「義」而死，這樣的死亡才有價值。「死亡」並不是化歸虛無，而是使人轉換成「鬼」而仍能重返人間，完成生前未了的心願。墨家立論重視實用性，因此本文是以「人如何面對自己的生死」為主軸，再旁涉「人如何面對他人的生死」，藉此架構來論析墨家的生死學與其實際的應用。

關鍵字

墨家 ； 生死學 ； 兼愛 ； 義 ； 喪葬

並列摘要

The pain and joy of life often comes from interpersonal relationships. The conflict is painfully, but harmony is joyful. How to make people stay in harmony relationship and avoid the endanger of life from the conflict, it becomes the focal point of Mohist school. Mohist proposed ＂righteousness (yi )＂ be the best solution of resolve the interpersonal conflict. ＂Righteousness＂ is not only ＂the universal love ( jian ai )＂, but also is ＂promotes everyone's benefit and abolishes everyone's harm＂. Mohist believe ＂righteousness＂ can not only handle ＂life＂ issues and also applicable to deal the issues of ＂death＂. Mohist consider the ＂righteousness＂ is coming from ＂God＂. ＂God＂ not only created everything for human, also hopes that people can love each other, support each other, cooperate a harmonious human society. Therefore, ＂righteousness＂ is ＂God's will＂. Due to God's ＂love＂, man owns everything in the world, so he should take ＂God's will＂ as his life mission to do ＂righteousness＂ in the human world. Mohist advocate the insistence of ＂righteousness＂ is not just in daily life, when someone needs you to sacrifice yourself in order to save his life or interest, then you should dare to self-devotion, and dare to die. No needs fear ＂Death＂, if you can die for ＂righteousness＂, your death is worthy. ＂Death＂ will not make you disappear, but transform into ＂ghost＂, and you still can back to the life world, to complete the unfinished wish. Mohist emphasis on practicality in the theory, therefore this article is based on ＂how people face their own life and death＂ as the main axle, and also related to ＂how to face other people's life and death＂, by this construction, I will analysis the Mohist philosophy of life and death and its practical application.

並列關鍵字

Mohist ； philosophy of life and death ； the universal love (jian ai) ； righteousness (yi) ； funeral

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