關於中日「同形」漢語系接頭詞「反」－以中日對比分析為主

About the Chinese-Japanese Same Morpheme Kango Prefix "Han"-Mainly with the Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and Japanese

林慧君(Hui-Jun Lin)

《台灣日語教育學報》 19號 (2012/12) Pp. 333-360

https://doi.org/10.29758/TWRYJYSB.201212.0013

摘要

漢字詞素「反」是在中文及日文裡均具有很強造詞能力的接頭詞，本篇論文乃藉由中日對比分析之方法，考察所謂的中日「同形」漢語系接頭詞「反」其中日文間語意用法及構詞層面上的異同。透過本稿的分析，在構詞方面探討了：表示「反抗，反對」之意的「反〜」派生詞，容易形成構詞詞素與其他語詞再結合成高次複合詞，此乃中日共同之構詞特徵。另外，透過報紙的實際語例調查，分析了在平成時代以前，日語［反＋專有名詞外來語詞素］構造的派生詞，具有所謂的「臨時語詞」之性質，此乃日語獨有的構詞特徵。在語意方面，首先闡述了接頭詞「反」的中日文各個容易混淆的語意用法。並透過對比分析，論述了表示［正↔反］之「正」的相反概念是接頭詞「反」的原有基本語意，表示「反對，反抗」之語意用法則是「反」最具有構詞能力的主要中心語意，此兩種用法是中日語意上的共同點。此外，也了解到中文接頭詞「反」的語意用法比起日文多樣化；特別是釐清了「從相反的方向」以及「與預期相反，倒過來妨害對抗」之兩種用法，是先行研究未論述且為中文獨有的語意特徵。漢字詞素「反」包含了「逆」的語意性質，而「逆」的語意性質具有「對等的」以及「由下向上」兩種不同概念，本稿透過中日對比的觀點，分析「逆」的此一複雜語意性質，釐清了中日接頭詞「反」其語意之間的差異，即與其所含語意性質的差異有關。

關鍵字

接頭詞 ； 語意用法 ； 構詞 ； 中日對比分析

並列摘要

The kango morpheme ”HAN” is a prefix which has strong word formation ability both in Chinese and Japanese. In this paper, the so-called Chinese and Japanese same morpheme kango prefix ”HAN” and its differences and similarities of semantic usages and word formation are investigated by the method of Chinese and Japanese contrastive analysis.By the analysis of this paper, we discussed about the word formation; the derivative ”HAN” which represents ”resist, oppose” is easily to be a word format ion morpheme and it will combine with another words to be a higher compound words. This is the common word formation characteristic of Chinese and Japanese. On the other hand, through the actual examples investigation of newspapers, the examples before the Heisei period are analyzed. The derivative pattern ”HAN +loan words of proper nouns” only has the character of the so-called ”comprehension words” and ”temporary words”. It is the unique word formation feature of Japanese.In semantics, by the contrastive analysis of Chinese and Japanese, we realized that the basic semantic usages and main semantic usages of ”HAN” are the same. Furthermore, ”from the opposite direction” and ”being opposite with the anticipation, interference and opposition”, these two usages of Chinese are the unique semantic characteristic of Chinese.

並列關鍵字

prefix ； semantic usages ； word formation ； the contrastive analysis of Chinese and Japanese