德國國會選舉制度及國會選舉

The Electoral System and Election Campaign of the German Parliament (German Bundestag)

谷瑞生(Ruey-Sheng Gu)

《選舉評論》 3期 (2007/09) Pp. 23-36

摘要

德國以多數決及比例代表制之選舉制度配以哈爾－尼麥爾選票計算法，規劃各政黨於國會之席次分配。本文討論重點為德國國會選舉制度、選票計算方法、通訊投票之施行、各政黨及候選人競選策略與經費等，以期對德國國會議員如何進入國會，選民如何選出國會議員，政黨及政治人物如何進行選戰等，有更系統之瞭解。經由本文之分析與討論，得出三點結論：第一，各政黨或候選人之競選策略及文宣理念特色在於重視每一張選票，但不會「為求勝選不擇手段」；第二，德國強調選舉經費及政黨收支公開，有利選民對政黨及政黨政治之認同；第三，德國實施通訊投票，主要目的是保障選民投票權，一個民主社會的可貴並不僅在於其「民主」，而是其「成員彼此信任本身的民主」，而德國國會誠乃一經營及品管良好之「政治工廠」。

關鍵字

比例代表制 ； 兩票制 ； 競選策略 ； 競選經費 ； 通訊投票

並列摘要

Germany's electoral system is a combination of majority votes system and proportional representation. Seats are allocated to the parties by the Hare-Niemeyer method. The emphasis of this article is the electoral system, the calculation method of the distribution of seats in the German Parliament (German Bundestag), the absentee vote as well as strategies and costs for political parties and their candidates during the election campaign. This will enable us to better understand the election process of a member of the Bundestag, the way an elector can vote for a member of the Bundestag and the way in which parties and candidates run the election campaign. The paper finds out:
1. A specific characteristic of the strategies and policies in the election and advertising campaign of political parties and candidates in Germany is the importance that is attached to each single vote. However, this is not pursued according to the motto ”victory no matter the cost”.
2. In Germany much emphasis is put on the announcement of the campaign costs and the parties' expenses. This is supposed to enhance the elector's acceptance of parties and party politics.
3. In Germany the main goal of the absentee vote is to guarantee the elector's right to vote. What people appreciate about a democratic society is not only democracy as such, but also the trust in the members of the society and in the own democracy. All in all, it can be stated that the German Bundestag represents a very good ”political workshop” for the maintenance of the political operations and the democratic quality assurance.

並列關鍵字

proportional representation ； campaign strategies ； campaign costs ； absentee vote

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