保守主義的源流與特徵

A Brief Exposition of Conservatism-Its Origins, Development and Schools

洪鎌德(Lien-Te Hung)

《哲學論集》 36期 (2003/07) Pp. 35-102

https://doi.org/10.29699/FJPS.200307.0002

摘要

本文討論西洋保守思想的源起和流變，由古希臘、羅馬而及於歐洲中世紀觀念之變遷。之復討論18世紀的英國保守政治（國會與憲政改革）之運作，析述柏爾克反對啓蒙運動獨尊理性之弊，兼論他秤擊法國大革命復恐怖與專制的復辟。隨後追踪法國、德國和美國的保守主義之學說與實踐，指出保守主義中之三大派：反對派、革命派與及主要的代表人物及其主張。最後討論保守主義背後的倫理要求，包括視人性不完美、尊重家庭與財產制度、重視教會與社群對人群安和樂利的貢獻，彰顯法制與國家的權威，甚至為了國家的繁榮不惜參與殖民海外擴充勢力的帝國主義。

關鍵字

保守主義 ； 改良主義 ； 激進主義 ； 托利黨 ； 法國大革命 ； 自然權利 ； 理性 ； 財產 ； 民族主義 ； 帝國主義

並列摘要

This article deals firstly with the sources of Western Conservative thought, tracing back to the ancient Greek and Roman philosophical speculation represented by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, and St. Augustin. It elaborates then on the civil wars and constitutional reforms of the 17th and 18th England. Subsequently, the focus is on Edmund Burke's criticism on human reason propagated by the Enlightenment philosophes. His attack on the chaotic and terrorist situation created by the French Revolution paved the way for the following conservative doctrines and movement in France, Germany and the USA. The treatise also discusses the reactionary, revolutionary and the mild schools of conservatism. Finally the author singles out several civic virtues emphasized by the conservative thinkers. They are the pessimistic and limited view of human rationality, the stress on family and community, protection of private property, respect of authority, loyalty to nation, even the aggrandizement of national expansion which amounts to the support of imperialism.

並列關鍵字

Conservatism ； reformism ； radicalism ； Tory ； The French Revolution ； naturalrights ； reason ； property ； nationalism ； imperialism

參考文獻

Burke, Edmund,Hill, B. W.(ed.)(1975).Reflections on the Revolution in France.London:Fontana.

Burke, Edmund,Kramnick, Isaac(ed.)(1999).The Portable Edmund Burke.New York:Penguin Books.

Freeman, Michael(1980).Edmund Burke and the Critique of Political Radicalism.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.

Frohnen, Bruce(1993).Virtue and the Promise of Conservatism: The Legacy of Burke and Tocqueville.Lawrence, KA:University Press of Kansas.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,Word, A. W.(ed.)(1991).The Philosophy of Right.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.