從荀子的「君子」看儒家後習俗責任倫理學

儒家思想是否仍然對現代社會具有價值，堪稱中國哲學研究領域的重要課題。本文認為從後習俗責任倫理學的角度來理解儒家思想，可以發掘出值得現代社會參考的資源。本文將以荀子思想為討論對象，並以「君子」為探討荀子思想的關鍵詞，從荀子對「君子」的看法說明為什麼荀子思想可以定位為後習俗責任倫理學。荀子的「君子」代表理想的人格典範，經過修養的「君子」可以擺脫傳統習俗、情感、血緣的相對關係，堅持普遍的道德原則，主動實踐道德來體現自我的道德主體性。儒家思想之所以對現在社會有現實意義，在於不僅陳述道德內涵，也指出具體的實踐方法。荀子主張透過「禮」和「樂」教化人們，透過「禮樂」讓人們了解彼此的共同性和特殊性，明白人與人之間可以透過情感的召喚產生連繫，在同情共感中關懷彼此的存在境況，由此建立一個具有合理性，適合所有人生活並展現自我的社會。

關鍵字

後習俗；責任倫理學；荀子；君子；禮樂

並列摘要

Whether Confucianism is still valuable to modern society is an important issue in the field of Chinese philosophy. This paper focus on Confucianism from the perspective of Postconventional ethics of responsibility, and looks for some worthy references for modern society. This article will take Xunzi's thought as the object of discussion and ＂Junzi＂ as the key word to discuss Xunzi's thought. From the view of Xunzi on the ＂Junzi＂, it explains why Xunzi's thought can be defined in the Postconventional ethics of responsibility. Xunzi's ＂Junzi＂ represents an ideal personality model. A cultured Junzi can break away from the traditional customs, emotions, and blood relatives, uphold universal moral principles and take the initiative to practice morality to embody his own moral subjectivity. The reason why Confucianism has a realistic meaning to present society lies not only in describing the moral connotation but also in pointing out concrete methods in practice. Through ＂Etiquette＂ and ＂Music＂, Xunzi enlights people by letting people know each other's commonality and particularity, and understanding that people can relate through emotion and take care of each other's circumstances of existence in sympathy. Hence it establishes a society that is reasonable and suitable for the life and self-expression of all.