論《史記》先秦列傳所展現的臣僚觀

東周是個裂變的時代，世卿制、貴族世襲制和分封制均受到嚴重的考驗，進而轉變為宰相制、官僚制和郡縣制。改革過程中，士扮演著重要的角色，他們躍上政治舞台而成為時代寵兒；但也往往成為推動歷史的殉道者。司馬遷在這些人物上著墨甚多，從敘述春秋戰國複雜的君臣關係中可以窺見司馬遷的臣僚觀。本文從《史記》中分別歸納司馬遷春秋和戰國時代臣僚的評價，進而指出司馬遷的理想君臣觀，他的理想君臣觀是建立在聖君賢相的關係上。由本文的探討，可推論司馬遷的臣僚觀具有現實主義的傾向，符合原始儒家的精神；同時將一己的悲慘境遇加以昇華，不僅反射出身受的委屈，並充分展現了歷史家的襟懷。

關鍵字

司馬遷；臣僚觀；士；現實主義；原始儒家

並列摘要

The Eastern Chou dynasty (770-256B.C.) was a disorderly period, feudalism and hereditary honors as rank and wealth were destroyed deeply, and then changed into the system of prefectures and countries that contained systems of prime minister and bureaucrats. During the process of reformation, scholars played import roles, at the same time, they leapt to the stage of politics and became the pets, but they always were the sufferers at that special period. Ssu Ma Chien had described those scholars exquisitely in the collected biographies, we can watch his viewpoint on officials in a kingdom. This article inducts the judgements of the officials in the Epoch of Spring and Autumn approximately from 722 to 484 B.C. and the period of Warring States (403-222B.C.), then points out what was the Ssu Ma Chien's ideal partner between the ruler and Officials, Ssu Ma Chien considered that the holy majwsty and the capable ministers were the ideal partners. By studying, Ssu Ma Chien's viewpoint of officials had the tendency of realism that corresponded to the spirits of primitive Confucianism. He had changed his trogic life on the writing to honor the capable and upright officials in a kingdom. He not only reflected his grievances but also displayed the ambitions of a historian.