從歷史制度論探討社會照顧機構之組織變遷－以屏東榮家為例

本研究採取歷史制度論的觀點，探討影響屏東榮家的制度變遷的外在動因與內在動因；並從時間序列分析屏東榮家組織變遷不同階段的變革特色，以及不同階段的組織變革對於社會照顧專業發展之影響。研究方法採取內容分析法與深度訪談法，蒐集有關榮家變遷的相關資料。本研究的重要發現如下：一、在歷史脈絡下的外在與內在動因分析面向上：屏東榮家組織變遷受到內、外在動因交互作用所影響，在外在動因上有政治、經濟、社會三大要素；在內在動因上主要來自組織文化、專業制度與住民需求三種因素。二、在組織變遷階段與特色面向上：可分為開創時期（1950年-1979年）、精進發展時期（1980年-1989年）、專業多元時期（1990年-迄今）等三個階段。透過此三階段的時間序列分析，發現了組織變遷的過程反映了歷史制度論者所論述制度並非長久不變，決策關鍵點會不斷調整其結構限制，形成一種斷續式的均衡。三、在組織變革對照顧專業服務發展之影響面向上：第一階段開創時期在專業服務上「以就業為主，救濟為輔」的模式；到了第二階段的精進發展時期，朝向「人性關懷與權益保障」的福利思維發展；進入第三階段專業多元發展時期，朝向「社區化」的政策方向發展。四、在屏東榮家作為社會照顧機構的特色面向上，主要有三方面：（一）組織的制度特色，包含組織領導者風格、「同儕領導」的模式、延續軍中的管理模式。（二）組織的文化特色，包含「榮家」具有情感召喚的意義、榮民習慣於規律的生活模式、榮民兩岸情結逐漸淡化。（三）專業服務特色，包含同時兼具「安養」與「養護」兩大專業照顧主軸、對專業人力的規範、服務人員多為榮民第二代。

關鍵字

歷史制度論；組織變遷；非營利組織；榮民研究；老人福利政策

並列摘要

This study explores the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation that impacts the institutional change of Pingtung Veterans Home from the point of view of historical institutionalism. Also, this study conducts time series analysis to find the characteristics of institutional changes of Pingtung Veterans Home at different stages as well as the impacts of professional social care developments at different stages of institutional changes. The research method adopts content analysis and in-depth interview to collect information related to the changes of the Veterans Home. The important findings of this study are as follows:1. In the analytical aspect of historical extrinsic and intrinsic motivation: The institutional changes of Pingtung Veterans Home were affected by the interaction of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. There are three elements of politics, economy, and society in extrinsic motivation. And there are three factors of institutional culture, professional systems, and resident needs in intrinsic motivation.2. In the aspect of stages and features of institutional changes: It can be divided into three stages of initiation period (1950-1979), advancing development period (1980-1989), and professional diversification period (1990-present). Through the time series analysis of these three stages, the study found that the process of institutional change reflecting the systems discussed by the historical institutionalism commentators is not always invariable. The critical juncture decision points will continue to adjust its structural limitations and form a punctuated equilibrium.3. In the aspect of impacts of institutional changes on professional care service development: In the imitation period, the professional care service was in a ”mode of employment-orientation supplemented by relief.” In the second stage of advancing development period, it headed towards the development of ”welfare thinking of humane caring and rights safeguard.” In the current third stage of professional diversification development, it works towards the policy of ”community development.”4. For Pingtung Veterans Home being featured as a social care institution, there are three main aspects:(1) Features of institutional systems including institution's leader style, ”peers leadership” mode, and the continuation of military management mode.(2) Cultural features of an institution including the significance of emotional summon from the ”Veterans Home,” veterans being accustomed to the mode of a regular life, and veterans' cross-strait complex slowly fading.(3) Features of professional service including two major professional cares of ”retirement home” as well as ”eldercare and rehabilitation”, norm of professional personnel, and service personnel who are mostly the second generation of veterans.