北宋時期禪宗詩偈的風貌

Some Features of the Zen Sect's Poetry during the Northern Sung Dynasty

蔡榮婷(Jung-Ting Tsai)

《花大中文學報》 1期 (2006/12) Pp. 205-226

https://doi.org/10.7000/NJCL.200612.0205

摘要

本論文以北宋時期（960-1127）禪宗的詩、詞、偈、頌等文學作品為研究對象，從事如下的研究工作：（1）考察北宋時期禪宗的文學現象典文學活動；（2）釐清北宋時期禪宗詩詞偈頌的特質；（3）釐清北宋時期禪宗詩詞偈頌的開展歷程；（4）省思北宋時期禪宗詩詞偈頌在宗教、文學、文化等層面的意義與價值。目前揀選出的北宋禪宗詩偈大約五千二百首，作者約二百八十位。其主要發現包含：（1）北宋時期的禪宗詩偈活動，遠較唐五代時期蓬勃活絡。此時期的禪門，詩偈名家相繼出現。（2）北宋時期禪宗詩偈的主流，在於南嶽法系，而其軸心是風穴延沼的法脈。（3）此時期已建立詩偈寫作的文學傳統，也已有文學集團出現。（4）風穴延沼是對於北宋禪宗詩偈發展，最具影響力的關鍵性人物。（5）北宋詩偈作者的特性，在於他們絕大多數是悟道的高僧。這是聖者的文學，是典型的宗教文學作品。禪師肩負「度」（啟悟他人）的責任，因此禪宗詩偈的內在，其實蘊藏著「啟悟眾生」的悲願與使命。

並列摘要

Zen Sect was well known for their four kinds of literary works, that were poem; poetry; sutra and praise, this thesis researched over these four kinds of Zen Sect's literary works that were created during the Northern Sung Dynasty (960-1127 AC), aiming at four objectives: first, survey the Zen Sect's literary activities and literary phenomenon in general during this period of time; second, identify unique characteristics which differentiate these four kinds of literary works; third, illustrate the development process of these four kinds of literary works, and finally, examine the implication and the value of these four kinds of literary works from religious and cultural perspectives. 5200 entries of literary works from 280 authors have been collected and been analyzed, some major findings were as following:1. Literary activities were far more progressive during the Northern Sung Dynasty, which was evidenced with the emergence of much more eminent poet, than during the previous Five Dynasty period of time.2. Mainstream features of the Northern Sung Zen literary works were leaded by the Nan-Yue System, especially by those conventions that were prolonged with the Master Feng-Xue-Yan-Zhao's discipline.3. Poetry writing styles have been well developed during this period of time, and certain literati circles were attended.4. Master Feng-Xue-Yan-Zhao was the most influential figure to those Zen literary works that were created during the Northern Sung Dynasty.5. Most of the Northern Sung Zen literary works were written by enlighted eminent monks, which characterized to be typical religious manuscripts of the sage. Normally, those Zen masters were assumed the responsibility of enlighting the masses, this is the key reason why Zen Iiteratures observed during this period of time embraced momentous compassionate will and vocation.