自宋代美學賞析建盞工藝之美－以兔毫盞為例

Appreciating the Beauty of the Craft of Jian Ware from the Perspective of Song Dynasty Aesthetics-Using Rabbit-Fur Tea Bowl as an Example

吳美燕(Wu Mei-Yen)

《遠東通識學報》 16卷1期 (2022/01) Pp. 63-90

摘要

建窯茶盞在宋代風行於全國，無論皇室或販夫走卒皆愛飲茶，並使用好的茶器，當時黝黑的茶盞受到許多文人雅士歌詠，這些現象與其時空背景所形成美學有密切的關聯。建盞的器型簡約，器色內斂又富變化，二者相融，呈現體用不二關係，本文試以宋代當時的時空背景，從社會經濟、佛教、理學、文化藝術等面向探討宋代的美學觀，進而瞭解建盞工藝的珍稀及其盛行之因。同時以建盞中最具代表性的兔毫盞為研究目標，參採宋徽宗在《大觀茶論》中對建盞品鑑賞析的重要指標「條達」，以及現今建盞工藝科技化研究對條達的詮釋，從毫的分佈比例、均勻度、立體感與流動感，將美學抽象的詮釋以具象標準來品鑑工藝。美學上如有明確的度量指標，讓大眾所依循，一窺建盞之美，感受其美學的生命力及文化底蘊，提升現代美學的普及與生活化，亦有助於建盞工藝之提升。

關鍵字

美學 ； 禪宗 ； 理學 ； 建盞 ； 兔毫

並列摘要

Tea bowls produced by Jian kilns took the country by storm during the Song dynasty. Regardless of royals or commoners, everyone loved to drink tea and use fine tea ware. At the time, pitch-black tea bowls were revered by literati, and these phenomena were closely related to the aesthetics shaped by the spatiotemporal background. Jian ware came in simple forms, and their colors were reserved and full of changes; the union of the two manifested a unity of substance and function. This paper aims to examine the aesthetics of the Song dynasty from the perspectives of socioeconomics, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, and culture and art, against the spatiotemporal background of the Song dynasty, in order to understand the reasons for the rarity and popularity of the craft of Jian ware. Also, this paper focuses on the rabbit-fur tea bowl, the most iconic piece of Jian ware, as the research subject; referencing and using the key indicator for appreciation of Jian ware-tiaoda (lit. scattered stripes)-proposed by Emperor Huizong in Grand View Tea Theory (Daguan Chalun), and the interpretation of tiaoda by the modern scientific research of the craft of Jian ware, this paper attempts to derive concrete standards from abstract aesthetic interpretation for the appreciation of the craft, including the distribution and proportion, evenness, three-dimensionality, and fluidity of the fur. If there were well-defined indicators of aesthetic measurement for everyone to follow, so they could understand the beauty of Jian ware, perceive the robust vitality and rich cultural heritage of its aesthetics, and enhance the popularization and approachability, it would also help to elevate the craft of Jian ware.

並列關鍵字

Aesthetics ； Zen Buddhism ； Neo-Confucianism ； Jian ware ； rabbit fur