- 期刊
冥界的無「歸」女性發展－以台灣閩南俗語反映的民俗現象觀察
Unmarried Women's "Gui" Development in Underworld-The Folk Custom Phenomenon Reflected With Taiwanese Proverbs
摘要
俗語說：「人人嫁尪傳後嗣」，在「男有分，女有歸」的漢文化影響下，台灣社會中的閩南女性多依循著歸嫁的方向前進。自出生開始，女性便為了未來的「歸」展開學習，包含家內事務的訓練以及人際關係的應對學習等，在歸嫁時刻到來前做好準備。由生命禮儀的過關儀式來看，能「歸」與否成為女性生命開展的重要關卡，一旦順利通過了「女有歸」的考驗，代表著她取得了新的社會身分－人妻並享有相符的權利，才能繼續邁向下一道通關考驗。只是生命無常，對於尚未通過「歸」機制的身分轉換但已不幸天逝的「孤娘」而言，在普遍「厝內無嗣姑婆」的民俗觀念下，女性孤魂要如何在幽冥世界中得到安頓？此外，從民俗學的通過理論來看，這未「歸」天逝的女性正處於過渡階段中的、尚未取得社會身分的禁忌對象，具有威脅性且必須加以妥善處置。本文藉由台灣閩南俗語中反映的民俗現象觀察，分析台灣民間對於孤娘的處理情形，包含普遍的「冥婚」習俗到特殊的姑娘神的女鬼信仰發展，並就此中所呈現的差異變化－遵循到逸出「歸」體制，探討閩南族群傳統性別觀的鬆動現象。
並列摘要
Taiwanese proverbs said ”lang^5 lang^5 ke^3 ang^1 thuan^5 hio^7 Su^7”, reflecting in Chinese Han Cultural of ”nan you fen, nuy you gui”，women in the Minnan society of Taiwan advance in accordance with following the direction that marries. The female is starting to learn how to achieve the ”gui” for future since her birth, including the house training and readily reaction to interpersonal relationships, to prepare ready before coming at the moment of marrying. From the view in going through the ”rites de passage”, ”gui” becoming to the most important stage of her life's extension, once going through the test of ”nuy you gui” successfully, means getting a new social identity-the wives of people, enjoying the accordance of rights, for a next step to a further stage continuously. Unfortunately, life is variable, for the young-dead girl, ”koo^1 nioo^5 a^2”，who even no chance to change her social identity before her dead, in the common folkways concept of ”chu^3 lai^7 bu^5 su^7 koo^5 po^5，how can she settle down the in the nether world? In addition, from view of life ceremonial, a social the young-dead women that die right in the transition stage as a taboo target not getting a social identity yet, who has threatening nature and must be dealt properly with. This text takes examples with the folk custom phenomenon reflected with Taiwanese proverbs, analyze the folk treatment situation to koo^1 nioo^5, including the general custom of ”human-ghost marriage” to a special conviction of ”female ghost belief'. Refer to the difference and variation appearing at this point, adhering to the system of ”gui”, probe into the loosing situation of the traditional gender observation in the Taiwan's Minnan group.