「對世」與「閉鎖」的錯置：墨子十論內涵及其論述困境探析

「對世」乃指針對具體問題，提供明確解決方法之謂，具有非本質性之普遍效力，方法自身不一定為價值主體。「閉鎖」則寓指了學說內部圓融的可能，不同範疇的論述皆統合於同一價值觀之下，產生理論涵攝互援，對外排他的效力，得以阻止異學說的攻擊與化用。本文設立「對世」、「閉鎖」概念，此二者既是對於墨子學說特色的總評，也是解釋墨學寢衰內在成因的關鍵。一個成熟思想體系既要有隨時化用的「對世」策略，也要提出具有超越意義之「閉鎖」主張。墨子學說明顯展現「對世」、「閉鎖」特質，這是墨家得以大興於戰國的主因。遺憾的是論述進路的錯置，也讓墨學快速殞落於漢代。墨子以「對世」方式證成「閉鎖」命題，反之賦予「對世」命題「閉鎖」效力，致使學說理論深度不足，彈性詮釋空間緊縮。時移世異，墨家終因思想內部動能停滯，迅速退出歷史文化的舞臺。

關鍵字

墨子；墨家；墨學十論；先秦諸子；先秦哲學

並列摘要

＂Treatment (of the world)＂ refers to provision of a definite solution to a concrete problem; it has universal effect with non-nature tendency(非本質的傾向), and the solution itself is not always the value subject. With respect to ＂enclosure (of the claims in the theory)＂, it signifies the possibility of internal perfection in the theory; that is, divergent discourses from various realms can converge into the same value for generation of a theory that is self-being and supportive, and exclusive to outer forces to prevent from different theories' attacks and synthesis. This thesis establishes the concepts of ＂treatment (of the world)＂ and ＂enclosure (of the claims in the theory)＂, both are the general criticism of Mo-Tse's Theory, and the critical points to interpret the inner causes of Mo-Tse's Theory's success and failure. A mature thinking system requires a ＂treatment＂ strategy for the thinker to exert anytime as well as the ＂enclosure＂ of claims with transcendent implications. Apparently, Mo-Tse's Theory represents characteristics of ＂treatment＂ and ＂enclosure＂, which are the main reasons that it could be flourished in Warring States. However, it is a pity that the displacement of discourse of ＂treatment＂ and ＂enclosure＂ led to Mo-Tse's Theory to decline quickly in Han Dynasty. Mo-Tse demonstrated the question of ＂enclosure＂ by ＂treatment＂; in contrast, he endowed power of ＂enclosure＂ on question of ＂treatment＂. As a result, the theory lacks profoundness, the original meanings had changed as it had been exerted in different usage, and therefore the utilization space had become more and more limited. As time goes by, Mo-Tse's Theory eventually exits the stage of history and culture due to the dynamics of its thoughts stagnates internally.