唐河北道藩鎮的設置、叛亂與轉型－以安史之亂爲中心（上）

The Settings, Rebellion and Transition of T'ang Dynasty Ho-bei Dou Chieh-tu Shih-centered in An-Shih Rebellion

林偉洲(Wei-Chou Lin)

《大葉大學通識教育學報》 3期 (2009/05) Pp. 49-62

摘要

唐代節度使的研究，應以安史之亂為界，分成前後兩期。前期因應周邊民族的互動，遂由駐地都督與行軍總管結合，職權擴張形成環邊節度使體制；後期則是因安史之亂唐本部的不設防，亂平後以長安為中心，建構起數十個小型節鎮的層層防護網。前期權力漸次集中於少數節度使，形成杜佑所謂的西方二師、東北三師的邊境節帥統軍型態，遂有安祿山之亂，唐幾中輟；後期則於各道內普設小型節鎮，形成彼此牽制，權力均衡的現象。雖不再有大型動亂產生，但藩鎮林立，國力耗損，跋扈藩鎮自推節帥，不入版籍、賦稅，小型動亂層出不窮，其中尤以河朔三鎮為動亂來源之最。
權力過度集中，遂有安史之亂。肅宗以權力分散、均衡的決策，於各道內普設節鎮，道與道間權力互不相渉，則河北道節鎮僅能由安史降將分屬統治。除田承嗣外，彼等既未經歷戰敗，實力保存完整，雖欲其彼此形成均衡，但河北節鎮既合縱又連衡的結果，反形成河朔三鎮特殊的勢力。本文以歷時性的演變過程，從都督制至節度使的發展為經；河北地區節鎮權力集中遂有安史之亂，及亂後節度的均衡分置為緯，提出河朔三鎮形成的一個解釋。

關鍵字

都督 ； 行軍總管 ； 安史之亂 ； 河北道 ； 節度使

並列摘要

T'ang Dynasty Chieh-tu Shih research should be based on An-Shih Rebellion that could be divided into two periods. During the former period, in response to interact with the early surrounding nations, the Tu-tu (army commander) of the residents combined with the Hsing-Chun-Tsung-Kuan to form a powerful border Chieh-tu Shih system. The latter period was a result of An-Shih Rebellion undefended, after the chaos Chang'an still as the capital, dozens of small-scale Chieh-tu Shih protective net were constructed. The former period the army power concentrated in a handful of Chieh-tu Shih gradually, forming the so-called two Western army group and three Northeast army group, the border Army commander pattern, thus An-lu-shan Rebellion occurred, T'ang Dynasty almost perished. The later period more and more small-scale Chieh-tu Shih were constructed in each Dou, so the Army power could be balanced and restrained others. There were no large-scale rebellion again, but too many Fan-chen(Chieh-tu Shih) exhausted national strength. Defiant Fan-chen selected army commander by themselves so that central government couldn't control the Chieh-tu Shih and had no record of membership, no taxes either. Many small-scale disturbances, particularly in the area of Ho-shuo-san-chen for the most unrest.
Excessive concentration of power, then occurred An-Shih Rebellion. T'ang Su-tsung had done the decision-making to decentralize and balance the army power by means of constructing more numbers of Chieh-tu Shih, each Dou had their own army power, neither was subordinate to the other. Consequently, only those who were capitulated in An-shih Rebellion could dominate the Ho-bei Duo Chieh-chen. On the contrary, Su-tsung's strategy pushed the power of the Ho-shuo-san-chen to be formed. This article will discuss and explain how Ho-shuo-san-chen formed.

並列關鍵字

Tu-tu army commander ； Hsing-Chun-Tsung-Kuan ； An-Shih Rebellion ； Ho-bei Dou ； Chieh-tu Shih ； Fan-chen frontier fort

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