加拿大聯邦體制與憲政爭議（一九六四~一九九二）：其困境與挑戰之研究

Study on the Canadian Federal System and Constitutional Controversies (1964~1992): Its Dilemma and Challenge

陳翁平(Weng-Ping Chen)

《大漢學報》 25期 (2011/12) Pp. 157-172

https://doi.org/10.29704/JDIT.201112.0007

摘要

加拿大聯邦自一八六七年建國以來，始終受到國家分裂的困擾。它的分裂危機除了英、法族裔之間語言、文化的差異，經濟地位的懸殊，主要實來自因聯邦體制涉及修憲過程所引發的衝突，以及於兩個民族的國家觀認知差異所致。溯及英、法族裔對一八六七年所簽署之邦聯協定的觀點上，法裔魁北克人視此協定為「兩個開國奠基民族」（two founding peoples）之間的憲法契約。此兩民族即一為說英語的新教徒，另一為說法語的天主教徒。時至今日，那些仍視自己是忠貞的聯邦主義者，都認為加拿大是擁有雙重文化的國家。在此國家中，不同的文化與語言在聯邦制度內能夠創造和平繁榮的共存，而「兩個開國奠基民族」後裔的憲法地位，必須平等一致。加國的官方雙語政策便是植基於此觀點。與其說加拿大是多種族群的聚合，不如說是一種「語言共同體」（linguistic communities）的夥伴關係，更為貼切。基於這個認知，本論文的研究重心將論述加拿大聯邦體制面臨的困境與挑戰，聯邦政府的憲政改革所引發之修憲爭議，族裔對立，最後導致魁北克主權運動的展開以及加拿大國家認同危機的愈加擴大。本文也期盼加拿大「憲法改革」的經驗與失敗，適可做為欲藉修憲途徑謀求國家認同整合的國家之殷鑑與啟發。本文主旨即在於此。

關鍵字

獨特社會 ； 開國奠基民族 ； 魁北克政團 ； 多元文化主義

並列摘要

Since founded on July 1, 1867, Canadian Confederation has been tormenting with its national division all the time. The division crisis originated partially from substantial differences in language, culture as well as economic status between French-speaking Quebecers and English-speaking Canadians. Actually, the serious conflicts arisen from amendments to the constitution involved in federal system, and some greatly different cognitive views of the national identification, upheld by these two ethnic groups, the British Protestant and French Catholic, were the blasting fuses led to Quebec separation. Trace back to the agreements concluded in the Constitution of 1867 which, in light of Quebecers' views, was an official contract between ”two founding peoples”, the French and the English. Since then, those who faithfully favored federalism have maintained Canada is a country with Multiculturalism. In such a country, diverse cultures and languages within the federal system made peaceful prosperity and coexistence even more possible than before. What is more, the statuses between two founding peoples' descendants would have to accord with what was regulated in the constitution. The official bilingual policy made by Canada was precisely based upon these views. Instead of saying that Canada is a country combined with ethnics, it is appropriate to say that it is a partnership of linguistic communities.Based upon these perspectives, first of all, this thesis will be going to expound and explore the dilemma and challenge Canadian federal system confronted, huge controversies over constitutional amendments due to its reforms, ethnic confrontation between Quebec and English provinces, leading to unfolding of the Quebec sovereignty movement and national identification crisis widening, etc. It is greatly hoped that the constitutional ”innovation” experiences and setback in Canada will be well suited to those countries in pursuit of national identification integration through constitutional approaches so that can serve as a lesson or an inspiration for them. Such are the main objectives of this thesis.

並列關鍵字

distinct society ； founding peoples ； Bloc Québécois ； Multiculturalism