法國現今文化政策的民主化與多元性

The Democratization and the Pluraization of Today's French Cultural Policy

阮若缺(Yao-Chueh Juan)

《文化越界》 1卷6期 (2011/09) Pp. 1-39

https://doi.org/10.30405/CCS.201109_1(6).0001

摘要

法國政府對文化產業大力扶植，得歸功於有一個權責相當大的文化部，因為法國對於文化部賦予重要定位，儘管教育部和外交部等政府單位也在從事文化產業的推動，但真正可分配預算和制定文化政策的還是文化部。相較於英國文創產業是從下而上的發展，法國則是由上而下，政府力量主導民間發展，文化預算的支出必然也很可觀。對外，法國與歐盟，以及其他重視文化的國家保持文化合作；對內，法國的中央政府和地方政府、政府和民間都維持密切互動，以確保文創產業蓬勃發展，作為一個強勢推動文化產業的政府，法國很懂得如何增加產品附加價值，願意幫助企業拓展國際市場與行銷，遇上智財問題甚至不惜動用外交關係替本國商人解決問題。由消極面來看，文化政策具「安內攘外」的功能：它除了可安定社會、經濟，厚植人文素養、國族價值觀，亦可抵制低俗文化。從積極面觀之，其文化外交政策仍有文化帝國主義的影子，法國在宣揚國威上，從不懈怠，它在各國設立法國文化協會，與當地大學合作，企圖影響該國菁英。此外，它也仿效大英國協，成立法語聯盟（AUF），資助法語系國家，加強彼此的合作與凝聚力；再者，縱使國內有反對聲浪，不願大筆投資全球各地都可收看的TV5，但政府（不分左、右派），仍執意充實其節目內容，而且在另一文化傳媒─法國電影─上，堅持努力，欲在國際舞台上爭得發言權，目前在視聽傳播方面，確實也收到成效。在國際參與各國藝文活動競賽，在國內舉辦與各國的友好雙邊或多邊文化交流從不間斷，實在比其他國家少有的賣力，因為法國深知這是它的強項，法蘭西的偉大成就，且對全人類會造成重大深遠的影響，它爭的是千秋。法國人尤其在報章雜誌、圖書出版、影視、傳媒、演藝、文化遺產、藝術品等項目特別值得借鏡。

關鍵字

文化政策 ； 民主化 ； 多元文化 ； 全球化

並列摘要

The French government fully supports the cultural industry due to a super Ministry of Culture. Working with the ministry of Education and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Culture still remains to control the budgets and the cultural policy. The United Kingdom's cultural industry develops from button to top, while French from top to button, since the government plays the role of leader, its expense must be tremendous.For the foreign policy, France cooperates with European Union and other countries which also concern a lot about the culture; for the interior affairs, the government maintains a very intensive interaction with local government in order to democratize the creative industry; at the same time, France knows very well how to increase the products' values, to help the enterprises expanding the international markets, especially when one encounters the copy rights, the government will try its best, with diplomatic relationships, to solve the problems.The cultural policy helps the social and economic stability, it can not only cultivate the civilization, national values but against the vulgar culture. Moreover, the cultural policy still exists the shadow of imperialism, France never abandons the measures to establish French Culture Association, cooperate with local universities in order to influence the elites of other countries. Besides, France also establishes Association of Francophone Union to strengthen their links; in spite of the opposite echos in France for investing TV5 Monde, the government (either right or left wing) stands still on the speaking floor for the international affairs, and it is the most efficient way by Mass Media. All France wants is not the short term success, it tries hard to stand strong position in the whole world which will be a long term influences. For France, the most important points in cultural industry are newspapers, magazines, printed matters, video, media, show business, cultural heritages, art objects, it deserves to pay regards.

並列關鍵字

cultural policy ； democratization ； multiculture ； globalization