看戲－明人休閒活動形成與情況探討

Operas-Leisure Activity in the Ming Dynasty

蕭慧媛(Huei-Yuan Shiao)

《南亞學報》 30期 (2010/12) Pp. 327-348

https://doi.org/10.6989/JN.201012.0327

摘要

傳統中國戲曲演出大都與「里社酬神」有關，「酬神演戲」可說從來已久。戲曲、戲班和戲園最早開始於北宋末年的「戲文」、和「南戲」。而讓戲曲演出成為「假酬神、真自娛」，且盛況空前則非明代莫屬。明中晚期後，政治壓力逐漸鬆弛，對人民的拘束不再是無所不在，以及社會經濟能力興起，支撐百姓有能力、有意願追尋享樂；再加上當時士人積極參與，商人則為公私因素大力的推波助瀾，構成明代戲曲演出蓄勢待發的動力，幾乎是士農工商人人看戲、演戲、編戲、導戲、評戲。眾人的參與不但讓戲曲在明代精采演出，也讓看戲成為明人的重要休閒活動。本文主要藉由對史料的蒐集、整理，並藉由社會科學的歸納、分析方法，試圖描繪明人對戲曲演出熱衷參與的時代因素，並探討當時看戲活動蔚為風氣的過程、及對社會的影響，希望呈現明人休閒活動的一個面相。

關鍵字

明代 ； 戲曲 ； 看戲 ； 休閑

並列摘要

It had been a long time that most Chinese traditional operas were related to ”thank God.” The operas, troupes, and theaters originated from ”Xi-Wen” and ”Nanxi” in the last years of the North Song dynasty. ”Nanxi” and ”Zaju” developed continually in the Yuan dynasty with Hongzhou and Ta-tu as the center. After the middle period of the Ming dynasty, ”Nanxi” became the mainstream while many kinds of tunes arose at the same time. There were Kunshan and Yiyang tunes as the famous ones which were separately spreading in the cities, towns and countryside.It became a grand occasion in the Ming dynasty that Chinese operas were made seemingly to thank God but actually to entertain the people, which was not only for the entertaining but because there were the beneficial and helpful social conditions. In the late years of the era, the lower political pressures and the growing economic competence made the people able and willing to pursue the leisure activities. Additionally, the active participation of the scholars and the boost of the merchants became the great power of developing the operas. This contributed to that almost everyone of each class could enjoy, play, edit, direct and evaluate the operas. The mass participation made Chinese operas successful as well as the national campaign for that time.This brewing and lively process surely had effects on the social customs while there were different comments of the literati and the issue of the relationship between operas and people. The point of this paper is Chinese operas' playing as the leisure activity and successful performance in the Ming dynasty.

並列關鍵字

the Ming dynasty ； Chinese opera ； leisure activity/entertainment