牟宗三對程顥哲學詮釋的方法論反省

A Metaphysical Reflection of the Interpretation to Cheng Hao by Mou Zong Sang

杜保瑞(Bau-Ruei Duh)

《嘉大中文學報》 6期 (2011/09) Pp. 35-91

https://doi.org/10.29892/JCLNCU.201109.0002

摘要

牟宗三先生在程顥哲學的詮釋上，繼承了他在詮釋濂溪、橫渠時的「道體、性體、心體」的唯理無氣義，以及「心、性、天理」為同一形上實體的定義系統，因此仍然保持「宇宙論、本體論、工夫論、境界論」不分的詮釋模型，同樣地還是以程頤、朱熹之論，以為別異程顥哲學的對立面反例。然在處理程顥時，亦有重點及新義。重點是牟先生更強調境界哲學意旨的圓頓化境說，並接受了氣稟說，甚至將程頤的性氣論收為己用。至於新義者，即為建立生之謂性的道體進路的詮釋，以及分別積極消極工夫與頓悟漸修工夫，將之說為程顥及朱熹的差異。筆者尊重牟先生的新儒學之創作，但反對他的若干文本詮釋的意見，並對他在詮釋程顥時的諸多新說，檢討其理論功能，主張牟先生若不是過於忌諱及排斥朱熹之說，便不致於在詮釋程顥章時出現太多特殊解釋之理論，既不能清晰解讀文本，又製造哲學問題的理論糾結，實在是不必要之事。

關鍵字

程顥 ； 牟宗三 ； 一本論 ； 圓頓化境 ； 積極工夫 ； 頓悟

並列摘要

In the system of Mou Zong Sang's interpretation to Cheng Hao's philosophy, he followed some principle at his discussion in the philosophy of Zhou Lian Xi and Zhang Heng Qu. In there, he announced that Confucian's moral principle is a pure principle without qi, and, the categories of mind, nature and universal principle are actually the same metaphysical substance. In this system, he established an interpretational structure where Cosmology, Ontology, Practical theory and perfect personality theory are all integrated. At same time, he set Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi's philosophy as the opposite of Cheng Hao's philosophy. He suggested some new and important points in his interpretation of Cheng Hao philosophy. He created a new way to talk the theory of perfection at the point of spreading out a Sage's situation directly, and he accepted Qi-Based theory into his system, also that Qi-Based theory had been denied at his interpretation of Zhu Xi. He also developed a new way to explain the theory of human nature and suggested that human nature should be defined by birth. Besides, Mou announced two different kinds of practical theories, one is positive and the other is negative, and this model was used to mark off Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi. The author respects all of Mou Zong San's theoretical creations in Neo-Confucianism, but rejects many of his text interpretation. In this article, most of his ideas will be challenged and will give methodological reflections on those ideas. It will be said that, Mou Zong San didn't treat Zhu Xi's theory fairly, thereafter caused too many entangled opinions in his interpretation to Cheng Hao which is very much unnecessary.

並列關鍵字

Cheng Hao ； Mou Zong San ； theory of integration ； theory of perfection ； positive practical theory ； insight