越南「後賢奉祀」研究

The Research on Vietnamese Hou-xian Steles

林珊妏(Lin, Shan Wen)

《嘉大中文學報》 12期 (2017/11) Pp. 39-67

摘要

越南官設文廟以奉祀孔聖先賢，鄉里則有形制較簡、規模較小的 文祠文址以為供祭，行崇儒尊賢之文風教化。這些民間祭祀場所，隨著越南立後風俗的興起，亦有後賢碑之竪立。所謂的「後賢」，指的是 立於先賢神位之後的受祭者，與先聖先賢同享鄉民的供祭，藉以香火永傳。檢閱《漢喃銘文拓片總集》的後賢碑時，可發現最常見的碑址註寫場所為「文址」，約有二十六面；「文祠」中的後賢碑有八面，「文廟」的後賢碑僅兩面，其餘則位於亭祠寺廟等地。由此可知，文址中的後賢碑，確實為越南後賢奉祀最具代表的例證。本文研究越南的後賢奉祀現象，以文址中的後賢碑為主，兼及文廟文祠、及若干亭廟等其它的後賢碑之例，進行後賢奉祀的「從祀配享」、「忌日祭祀」和「功德性質」分析。「從祀配享」為後賢奉祀的源起追溯，「忌日祭祀」為其主要功能；最後介紹部分另類的後賢碑類型，其所蘊含的「功德」性質。儒家尊孔禮賢的從祀制度、孝道思想的忌祭追薦，以及佛教預造福田的助修功德，建構出多元複雜的後賢碑面貌，成為越南地方士人們儒學崇尚與宗教祈願的合成體，也充分表現出越南在地文化的特質，足為越南立後文化中，相當獨特的一種奉祀類型。

關鍵字

文址 ； 後賢碑 ； 從祀制度 ； 忌祭 ； 功德

並列摘要

In Vietnam, Confucian temples were built by the government for the worship of Confucius and prominent ancestors (Xian-xian); meanwhile, there are miniature civil shrines (Wen-ci) and sites (Wen-zhi) in towns in honor of Confucianism and great educators’ contributions. With the rise of Vietnamese Li-hou customs, Hou-xian steles are also erected in these civil sacred sites. ＂Hou-xian＂ are steles of local educational endeavors erected and worshiped behind prominent ancestors' (Xian-xian's). Surveying Hou-xian steles in Han Nan Epitaph Collections, there are twenty-six pieces located at civil sites (Wen-zhi), eight pieces at civil shrines (Wen-ci), two pieces at Confucian temples (Wen-miao), and some others at pavilions and civil temples. And, these steles are most commonly seen in civil sites (Wen-zhi). This research will be focused mainly on Hou-xian steles erected at civil sites (Wen-zhi), and some others at Confucian temples (Wen-miao), civil shrines (Wen-ci), and pavilions in order to provide valid evidences of Hou-xian (local educational endeavors) worship. Our first step is to understand the origin of Vietnam Hou-xian worship from their literati canonization system. And then, we will analyze the rubbing contents of Hou-xian steles from two aspects, sacrifice and merits. The contexts of Hou-xian steles include the canonization system of Confucianism, the sacrifice rituals of filial piety thought, and the merits of good deeds of Buddhism. Hou-xian steles are very unique in Vietnamese Li- hou culture for its strong sense of Confucianism, and its connections with Chinese sacrifice toward Confucius and prominent ancestors. Through investigating the relation of canonization, sacrifice, and merits between China and Vietnam, it reveals the influential characteristics of Confucianism and Buddhism in Vietnamese folk culture.

並列關鍵字

civil site (Wen-zhi) ； Hou-xian steles ； canonization ； sacrifice ； merits