《論語》中的「德／行」關係辯證及其衍申問題探討

The Search and Interpretation of the Morality ＂Medium＂: The Interdependency of Moral ＂Behavior＂

陳靜容(Chen, Ching-Jung)

《嘉大中文學報》 14期 (2021/03) Pp. 211-237

摘要

本文以「德／行」關係辯證為軸，揭示主體踐德行為與感受融會將成為體道活動的表徵，且此有別於西方行為學理論多關注「行為」本身的概念。由此一體思維，在儒家踐德要求中的情感便不再僅是紊亂的激情，行為的展現亦得以由此透溢體驗之學的生命力，彌合儒家踐德歷程中可能出現之「主體理解」與「道德實現」的落差。另，本文由「德／行」關係與主體情感的互襯，嘗試推敲孔子對於「心／性」的想法，發現此中之「心」是可感知現象、可理解意義，亦可創造價值的「感知」之心，可引領修養主體入乎言內出乎言外，通過情感的表現以體會涵藏在踐德行動中的道德義蘊；「性」，則寂然不動，不從「善／惡」界定，是通過情感表現之反照與德「行」之調適，加之以「心」的道德理性判斷，對生命存在的體驗與意義理解下的價值選擇反映。如若主體內在之「心」的發動保持著覺醒莊敬的清明；隱而未發之「性」，就得以因為主體身心行動的收斂，澄明自我之存在，心性一體，不期存而自無不存。

關鍵字

《論語》 ； 道德 ； 行為 ； 踐德 ； 心性

並列摘要

The Analects makes use of moral conduct to guide subjective emotions so that morality is expressed in human ＂feelings＂ and ＂behaviors.＂ Therefore, feelings and behaviors serve as the medium through which morality is spread and the process in which it is unfolded. Through the process of realizing morality, we can understand ourselves, cultivate ourselves, and then proceed to actualize ourselves. The feelings of humans described in the Analects are used to examine the connotations of the essence, original nature, mission, value, and ultimate meaning of human existence, which are then concretized into proper behaviors in pursuit of the perfect moral vision state of Confucianism. It can thus be seen from this that xin (the ＂heart-mind＂) in Confucianism can perceive phenomena, understand meanings, and create values. Xing (human nature) is then the value chosen for life existence through the mutual coordination of feelings and behaviors aided by the judgments of inner moral reason.

並列關鍵字

the Analects of Confucius ； moral and sense ； behavior ； xin ； Xing