- 期刊
- OpenAccess
「良知」或「良知的光景」：論張載對孟子「良知」概念之開展
＂Conscience＂ or ＂Circumstances of Conscience＂: Study of the Development of Zai Zhang on Mencius' ＂Conscience＂
摘要
孟子以「良知良能」揭示人人皆具實現價值的道德根源。實將人之所以為善，內掘至人心之初，且即心善以言性善。〈盡心上〉雖有言曰：「盡其心者，知其性也。知其性，則知天矣」。但對於「天」如何將此道德根源交付於「人」？並未有更進一步的著墨。張載（子厚，1020－1077）身為北宋儒學復興運動的奠基者，在開展先儒義理的重要貢獻之一，即是以「天德良知」概念，將孔孟以「仁」為人之德行基礎的道德內在論，從「人」的範疇延伸至形而上之「天」。在《正蒙》中，張載藉由氣論創造性的詮釋孟子心性論。並以大心說貫通天人關係，重新闡發「盡心何以能知性知天」。至於他順此區分「天德良知」與「聞見之知」的架構，更是對其後的宋明理學家影響深遠。再者，學界雖不乏探討張載天德良知觀的成果。但對良知何以能自覺實現價值的動力條件，則較少著墨。本文則就道德情感面，從仁者之不安不忍與惻隱辭讓，更進一步析論良知自發之動能。基於此，本文以〈至當〉之「能通天下之志者為能感人心」，探究：吾人何以能確保良知之自覺並非自以為是的幻覺？避免吾人從心靈狀態勾勒良知時，將良知的概念分析，滑轉為對良知現象性的空描，或使主體陷入道德孤島困境中。
並列摘要
By ＂conscience and good actions＂, Mencius stated that everyone has an ethical origin to realize value, referring humans' conscience to their inner nature. In other words, conscience leads to goodness of human nature. Although ＂Part One of Jin Xin＂ says, ＂if you fully explore your mind, you will know your nature. If you know your nature, you know Heaven＂, it does not further elaborate on how ＂heaven＂ conveys the ethical origin to ＂humans＂. One of the important contributions of Zhang Zai (Zihou, 1020- 1077), as the founder of the revival movement of Confucianism of the Northern Song, toward developing former Confucianists' doctrines was to, by the concept of ＂heavenly virtue and conscience＂, extend the scope of ＂human＂ of Moral Internalism of Confucius and Mencius, which relies on ＂benevolence＂ as the base of human virtue to metaphysical ＂heaven＂. In Zheng Meng, Zhang Zai interpreted the Doctrine of Mind-Nature of Mencius through the creativity of Qi theory, expanded upon the heaven-human relationship by the theory of mind, and re-interpreted ＂knowing nature and Heaven by exploring the mind＂. Thus, he classified ＂heavenly virtue and conscience＂ and ＂knowing by seeing and hearing＂, thus significantly influencing the followers of Neo-Confucianism during the Song and Ming dynasties. Although the literature presents research results on Zhang Zai's view toward heavenly virtue and conscience, it lacks any study on the self-drive of conscience to realize value. Based on morality and benevolent people's anxiety, sympathy, and modesty, this study further analyzes what drives one's conscience. Hence, from ＂those who meet the ambition of the world approach human hearts＂ of ＂extremely appropriate＂, this study looks to find how we can be assured that self-awareness of conscience is not an illusion. This will help avoid transforming a conceptual analysis of conscience, when depicting conscience by the mental state, into an empty description of the phenomenon of conscience or isolating subjects in morality.