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東勢客家話舌尖前音聲母顎化與否之聲學探究
Acoustic Exploration of Whether Alveolar Onsets [ts], [ts^h], [s] Are Palatalized in Dongshi Hakka
摘要
本研究透過聲學的分析工具與社會語言學的研究方法，對東勢客家話的舌尖前音聲母 [ts, ts^h, s]是否顎化為[t□, t□^h,□]進行探究。共60名說東勢客家話的客家鄉親參與本項研究，依 據他們的性別（男、女）、年齡（老、中、青）分成六組，每組10人。本研究透過自行設計 的發音字表與閱讀短文，採集東勢客家話[s]與國語[□]在不同語言與社會變項（後接元音、性 別、年齡、語體）影響下所發出的語音樣本，並利用PRAAT對擦音的兩個重要聲學特徵－「摩擦噪音時長」與「頻譜能量高峰頻率」進行手動測量。研究結果顯示，不論影響變項為何，[s]的摩擦噪音時長明顯短於[□]，[s]的頻譜能量高峰頻率顯著高於[□]，亦即[s]並未顎化成[□]。值得注意的是，高前元音[i]確實會使[s]的摩擦噪音時長增長，頻譜能量高峰頻率降低，但與[□]相較仍呈現明顯差異。最後，本研究一方面從穩定性的角度出發，探討摩擦噪音時長 及頻譜能量高峰頻率作為感知客家話輔音的不同，另一方面也從語音產製、語音環境、語音感知等面向為東勢客家話[ts, ts^h, s]為何不顎化成[t□, t□h,□]提供可能的合理解釋。
並列摘要
This study examined whether [ts], [ts^h], and [s] in Dongshi Hakka are palatalized into [t□], [t□^h], [□] acoustically and sociolinguistically. A total of 60 native Dongshi Hakka speakers participated in this study. They were evenly distributed into six groups according to gender and age (old, middle-aged, and young). The participants were asked to read a word list and a reading passage to collect speech tokens of [s] and [□] in consideration of variables, such as following vowel context, gender, age, and speech style. PRAAT was manually used to measure frication duration and spectral peak frequencies of the fricatives [s] and [□] in Dongshi Hakka and Mandarin. The results show that, regardless of which variables were considered, [s] was significantly shorter in frication duration and higher in spectral peak frequency than [□]. Remarkably, the high-front vowel [i] lengthened the frication duration and lowered the spectral peak frequencies of [s]; however, significant difference still existed between [s] and [□]. Finally, regarding stability, this study revealed the distinct roles of frication duration and spectral peak frequency in the distinction of consonants in Hakka as well as the reason that [ts], [ts^h], and [s] cannot be palatalized into [t□], [t□^h], and [□] in Dongshi Hakka in terms of the dimensions of speech production, phonetic context, and speech perception.