十九世紀末德國的反猶主義與現代性

Anti-Semitism in Germany about the End of 19th Century and Modernity

陳思瑾(Szu-Chin Chen)

《史學研究》 21期 (2007/12) Pp. 115-144

https://doi.org/10.29438/THR.200712.0004

摘要

從法國大革命到德國統一這段期間，德意志地區的邦國，以普魯士為代表，為挽救存亡而努力擠身現代化一途，現代化不僅只有硬體部分的革新，連意識型態上也力求統一性，最後統一德意志諸國，建立德意志帝國（Deutsches Reich）。為保存德意志帝國千年不朽，全國人民需齊心同力，可達此目的的手段不外乎共抵外患、內除國賊。猶太人因現代化的來臨得以脫去宗教的制約，活躍於社會上。但過去中古的種種偏見和污名仍伴隨他們到近現代，人民對他們的厭惡，也從過去的非理性情懷轉為以理性包裝的假科學說詞。本文將試圖探討：統一對德國所造成的影響，與工業革命、都市化對社會造成的衝擊，以及猶太人在此時的社會地位改變這三者間的關係，以致產生新的反猶主義，並藉此表現德意志民族在啟蒙方案下的普遍性和獨特性。

關鍵字

猶太人 ； 反猶主義 ； 德國 ； 現代性 ； 異質性

並列摘要

Jew-hatred has a long history. Before 19th century it was called Anti-Judaism. People hated Jews because of their religion. When a German journalist created ”Anti-Semitism”, Jew-hatred had changed its meaning at all. The key point for the change is based on the Enlightenment and the modernity. Science has replaced religion. But the bias long time cannot be changed soon. In addition, the acute change of society during modernization caused the bias active. Every European country has its own history with Jew. Germany is the special one. It belongs to neither West Europe nor East Europe. The belated country, united in 1871, was eager to become a modernized country. In this article, the author wishes to analyze the German political, economic and social situations that render the hotbed for new-styled Jew-hatred, which based on economic and racial theory.

並列關鍵字

Anti-Semitism ； Anti-Judaism ； modernity ； German Empire ； Jewishness