從「婦女生育」的討論形塑德意志帝國時期母親角色（Motherhood）的形象

Motherhood in Wilhelmine Germany: A Discussion of Women's Reproductive Image

吳信慧(Hsin-Hui Wu)

《史學研究》 22期 (2009/07) Pp. 151-176

https://doi.org/10.29438/THR.200907.0005

摘要

一個國家不同時期有其不同的法律規定，其法律規定不僅反應國家現狀，也說明國家施政乃至國家未來發展的具體方向。19世紀下半葉，德意志地區漸漸進入工業化社會發展時，人民逐漸改變其傳統生活模式、觀念等，社會上也開始流行生育控制的觀念；然而在國家發展上，19世紀末至20世紀初，國際間流傳一個概念：生育力被視為是一個國家軍力、活力的象徵。帝國政府爲了能迅速在歐陸地區佔有一席之地，提出富國強兵的概念，鼓勵婦女生育，並提出以《普魯士王國刑法典》為基礎的《德意志帝國刑法典》，在刑法218至220條款對於婦女生育責任有了更明確的規範。事實上，面對經濟生活、社會結構的改變，德國出生率卻出現逐年下降的趨勢，使得婦女生育問題在「國家發展」與「婦女家庭生活」中相互對立，並引發各界學者一連串的討論，諸如新馬爾薩斯主義學者的史陶格，要求避孕工具的普遍化以及墮胎的合法化；獎勵生育主義者，希望透過福利政策來鼓勵婦女生育；社會民主派的學者也支持墮胎合法化，並於1912年發起生育罷工。

關鍵字

德意志帝國時期 ； 母親角色 ； 墮胎 ； 婦女生育 ； 生育 ； 罷工

並列摘要

A nation state has different legislation at different points in history. Its legislation not only reflects its current condition, but also embodies the guiding principles of its national administration, which in turn direct the future development of the nation state. In the second half of the nineteenth century, when an industrialized society slowly emerged in Germany, people gradually changed their traditional way of life and ideas. The concept of birth control also gained popularity in the society. However, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, fertility gradually came to be seen by many nation states as a sign of national virility and military power from the perspective of national development. In Germany at this time, in order to gain greater land control in Europe, the imperial government propagated the concept with the aims to enrich the country and strengthen its military power. It encouraged women to give birth, and formulated the ”German Empire Penal Code” which was founded on the ”Prussian Legal Code”. Articles 218 to 220 of the ”Penal Code” stipulated explicit and greater reproductive responsibility for women. With the changes in the economic life and the social structure, the birth rate in the German Empire started to decline significantly in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The decline in birth rate raised the controversy on woman's reproduction between the two positions of ”the family life of woman” and ”the national development”, and brought about a series of disputes among scholars. For example, Stöcker, who was a Neo-Malthusian feminist, supported the introduction of contraceptive devices as well as legal abortion; Pronatalists hoped to encourage women to give birth through welfare policy; members of the Social Democratic Party, such as Julius Moses and Alfred Bernstein, also supported the legalization of abortion and initiated the campaign of birth strike in 1912.

並列關鍵字

Wilhelmine Germany ； motherhood ； abortion ； women's reproduction ； birth strike