中世紀地圖所呈現出的世界觀

Mappa Mundi: How Middle Ages View Their World

劉勇廷(Yung-ting Liu)

《史學研究》 28期 (2017/11) Pp. 1-60

摘要

本文主要以中世紀所繪製出的地圖來做討論，說明基督教對地圖繪製上的影響，基督教的符號和元素如何展現在地圖裡，而這些地圖中的符號又具有什麼意義。不過中世紀地圖的繪製相當豐富，不同種類的地圖，所呈現的世界也會有所不同。本文會以中世紀對地圖的概念，對地圖的歸納，地圖的發展，到地圖間互相的影響，來說明中世紀地圖的概念。接著再說明中世紀地圖中的地理知識，是延續古希臘與羅馬時期對世界的描述，地圖將古典時代的地理知識與基督教知識融合下所產生的一種世界觀。最後以中世紀具有代表性的地圖，於十三世紀英格蘭赫里福德大教堂（Hereford Cathedral）繪製的赫里福德地圖（Hereford Mappa Mundi）來論述，藉由赫里福德地圖來做整體地說明，關於中世紀地圖所呈現出的世界觀。赫里福德地圖除了繪製出當時歐洲人對世界的地理認知，地圖更將上帝創世以來的歷史與聖經中的故事，以圖像化繪製於地圖中，展現出將空間與時間合併的世界。同時地圖中繪製出天堂的位置，指引當時的人在俗世間該做的事－贖罪，引導人們在死後如何進入天堂。赫里福德地圖繪製出許多的寓意，來描繪基督教下的世界觀。

關鍵字

地圖 ； 中世紀 ； 製圖歷史 ； 赫里福德地圖 ； TO地圖

並列摘要

This article discusses cartography in middle ages. Although maps in middle ages were deeply influence by Christianity, usually drawn with all kinds of Christian symbol and fable elements, yet, middle ages maps has abundant kinds and they would shows different worldview. But mappa mundi has similar language, is about Christian elements and classical antiquity geographical knowledge, their two factors were influences middle ages mapmaker, maps were intermixed relationship between classical knowledge and Christian history. These were the most interesting point that concerns me. In my article core part, I would discuss Hereford Mappa Mundi, this map could representation mappa mundi in middle ages. Hereford Mappa Mundi was drawn in thirteenth century England Hereford Cathedral. Hereford Mappa Mundi not only display middle ages geographical knowledge but also shows history, is about how God created this world. Its author used both Bible as well as classical knowledge to embody all symbolization to show space and time all in together. Hereford Mappa Mundi drawn paradise in the map to guide people the way toward after death and warning people to be atonement when alive time. Hereford Mappa Mundi is like encyclopedia in middle ages, to teach people knowledge and worldview of Christianity.

並列關鍵字

Map ； Middle Ages ； History of Cartography ； Hereford Mappa Mundi ； T-O Map ； Mappa Mundi