Geological and landslide investigations in 13 river catchments of Taiwan provide the opportunity to achieve a better understanding of the impact of geological environment on geo-hazards in mountainous areas. The tests and measurements of geomaterial properties in the field exhibited that rock strength increased from the western region to the eastern region of Taiwan. Moreover, landslides were prone to occur in the catchments with relatively lower rock strength and higher joint density. In addition, most of landslides occurred on the slopes with slope values higher than the peak slope value of topographic slope probability distribution. In western Taiwan, landslides frequently occurred on the southeast-, south-, and southwest-facing hill slopes, and in eastern Taiwan, most of landslides occurred on the southeastand south-facing slopes.