漢語方言「老鼠，耗子，老蟲」等說法的分布及溯源

本文以《漢語方言地圖集》詞彙卷034圖為基礎，把老鼠的說法分為「鼠」類、「耗」類、「蟲」類、「客」類和「其他」五大類。其中「鼠」類詞形占總方言點數的79%，主要表現形式是唐代興起的雙音詞「老鼠」，分佈在除東北和西南的大部分地區。「耗」類詞形約占非「鼠」類詞形方言點數的76%，主要分佈在「鼠」類詞形分佈區的東北、西南兩翼，即東北地區（包括毗鄰的京津、冀北、晉北）和西南地區，其主要表現形式是「耗子」，可以追溯到明代鼠借稅名的「鼠耗」。大概因為「鼠耗」有歧義，又跟常見動物名稱的構詞法不同，很快就產生了「耗鼠」、「耗蟲」、「夜耗子」等一系列的變異形式，「耗子」當為「夜耗子」的省稱，首先興起於遼寧一帶，後隨滿清入關擴散至京津及其周邊地區。清代西南邊疆礦產資源的開發也造成了一個新的「耗子」連續分佈區。「老蟲」主要見於姑蘇一帶以及南昌縣及其周邊的若干贛方言點，是新、舊詞形（耗蟲、老鼠）的截搭形式，萬曆二十八年（1600）刊刻的《雪濤閣集》已記錄了姑蘇方言的這一創新。

關鍵字

《漢語方言地圖集》；老鼠的說法；地理分佈；歷史來源

並列摘要

On the basis of Map 034 in the vocabulary volume of the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects 漢語方言地圖集, this article divides the different terms for mouse into five major categories: the shŭ 鼠 category, the hào 耗 category, the chóng 蟲 category, the kè 客 category, and the category of other (qita 其他). Words in the shŭ category cover over 79% of the total number of instances in dialects. The major pattern found in this category is represented by the term lăoshŭ 老鼠, a double-syllable word that first appeared in the Táng Dynasty. Lăoshŭ is distributed in most regions except for the Northeast and the Southwest. Words belonging to the hào category cover 76% of non-shŭ category dialect instances. The terms in this category are mainly distributed in the northeastern and the southwestern parts of the shŭ category regions, i.e. the Northeast (including neighboring regions such as Bĕijīng-Tiānjīn, the north of Hébĕi and the north of Shānxī) and the Southwest. The major pattern found in this category is exemplified by hàozi 耗子; its provenance can be traced back to the Míng dynasty when the tax term shŭhào 鼠耗 was borrowed from the name mouse (shŭ jiè shuì míng 鼠借稅名). Perhaps because the word shŭhào was ambiguous, and different from the usual constructions used in animal names, a series of different forms soon appeared including hàoshŭ 耗鼠, hàochóng 耗蟲 and yèhàozi 夜耗子. Hàozi is most likely the simplified version of yèhàozi, which was first used in the Liáoníng area, and which then spread to Bĕijīng-Tiānjīn and surrounding regions with the Manchurian invasion. The exploitation of mineral resources in the Southwest frontier regions during the Qīng dynasty also led to the development of a new continuous distribution area for the term hàozi 耗子. The word lăochóng 老蟲 is mainly found in the Sūzhōu area, Nánchāng county and a few surrounding locations that speak the Gàn dialect. It is a blend of a new and an old word form (hàochóng 耗蟲 and lăoshŭ 老鼠). In the twenty-eighth year of the Wànlì 萬曆 reign (1600), the Xuĕtāo Pavilion Collection 雪濤閣集 recorded this new portmanteau word from the dialect of the Sūzhōu area.