以中觀揚棄在人類沙文主義與生態法西斯主義兩極端中的自性見──討論國家公園內既存宗教設施之合法化問題

Sublate the Two Extremes of Essentialism in Ecofascism and Human Chauvinism by Madhyamaka- A Case Study of the Legalization Problem of Existing Religious Facilities in the National Parks

張蘭石(Nam-Sat Chang)

《法印學報》 6期 (2016/04) Pp. 73-101

摘要

在1985年陽明山國家公園劃設前，已有許多宗教設施存在於陽明山區域。國家公園內既存宗教設施的違章爭議與潛在問題，存在已久。陽明山國家公園內之寺廟共74所，多數未登記。由於國家公園內宗教設施難以合法化，導致了許多問題。問題包括生態倫理爭議、違建、佔用公有地，以及相關宗教組織的傳承困難等等。由於難以全方位顧及相關問題的所有面向，以致於任何的政府決策與學者評論都受爭議。為了多面向研討學者們對陽明山既存未登記宗教設施的調查結果，本文嘗試運用師龍樹的中觀，分析其合法化問題是緣自「生態保育」與「環境正義」問題。其次，作者也檢視「效能」與「權利」這兩個論述「環境正義」的進路的解釋效力與限制。最後，作者認為這些矛盾的觀點都是辯證性的、條件性的，「無自性」的。「環境正義」的根本訴求，是每一個道德主體在環境問題上獲得平等的關懷與尊重；而談環境利益與負擔的分配時，也應尊重每一有情個體與宗教團體。所以，若無限上綱堅持自然生態，完全不顧生命個體與宗教團體的存續，並非中道。基於黃運喜與吳惠巧的研究，本文建議：針對1985以前既存卻未合法化的宗教設施，政府應拿出寬厚作法來輔導其合法化；但若涉及土地的脆弱性，主管機關宜審慎審議而採取措施輔導搬遷。

關鍵字

陽明山 ； 國家公園 ； 宗教設施 ； 中道 ； 生態法西斯

並列摘要

There were many religious buildings existing in Yangmingshan area before 1985 when Yangmingshan National Park hasn't been designated. The legal disputes and potential problems of existing religious facilities in the national parks have existing for years. There are 74 temples located in Yangmingshan National Park and most of them are unregistered due to the difficulty on legalizing them. This unregistered issue caused many problems. Those problems include ecological ethics controversy, construction of buildings without license, illegal occupation of public lands, disputes over the transfer of farmland ownership, and the difficulty of the inheritance of involved religious groups, etc. Due to the difficulty taking all aspects into account, the government decisions and the comments from scholars are usually controversial. In order to discuss the investigations into the problems of the unregistered religious facilities in Yangmingshan National Park from dialectical multi-faceted perspectives, the author apply Four Alternatives Dialectics because the Four Alternatives(catuṣkoṭi) employed particularly by Nāgārjuna is an application of Madhyamaka to the complete analysis of specific argument. The author begins with comprehending all involved problems by Four Alternatives Dialectics, and then demonstrate how the legalization issues derives from the environmental justice issues and ecosystem conservation issues. In the second place, according to perspectives of ＂utilitarian＂ and ＂rights＂, which are the different approaches of explanation of environmental justice, the author also shows the limitations of these two diverse perspectives. Finally, the author affirms that these contradictory viewpoints are all dialectical, dependent and without absolute essentiality. The fundamental target of environmental justice is that every moral agent is treated by equal concern and respect in the consideration about environmental issue. The allocation of environmental benefit and burden should respect for every sentient individual and religious group. Based on the researches of Yun-shi Huang and Hui-chiao Wu, this paper suggests that the government should prove more lenient to provide a path to legalization for illegal land use of unlicensed religious facilities established before 1985, but if problems involve vulnerability and sustainable development of land, public administrations should give them due consideration in their deliberations and take some countermeasures.

並列關鍵字

Yangmingshan ； National Park ； religious facilities ； Madhyamaka ； ecofascism